Essay on Effects of the Great Depression - 1418 Words

The Effects of the Great Depression The Great Depression was a horrible event that took place almost 100 years ago. It was a time in our society when people had no money and no food. Everyone was losing their jobs because the companies couldn’t afford to pay them and stay in business at the same time. After the Stock Market crashed and the economy went downhill, a lot of changes were made within the government to make sure that nothing like this would ever happen again. This period in time was a sad period, but there were a lot of good things that happened and took place because of it. In order to really understand all the effects that happened after the Great Depression, you truly needed to live during the time period, but we can’t do†¦show more content†¦As their lives were filled with sadness and no hope, they would soon learn that all of that was about to change for them. As the 1932 Presidential elections were coming up, the citizens had to choose the rig ht person to lead them out of the Great Depression. In November of 1932, the United States held a Presidential Election that was crucial to America. The voting was a one sided outcome, as Franklin D. Roosevelt won the election by a landslide over his opponent Herbert Hoover. In his acceptance speech in 1932 when he was a Democratic Party nominee for running president, he made a promise to the citizens of America that there would be a â€Å"new deal for the American people.† He was determined to keep his promise to the citizens of America, that a new deal was coming. He would later keep that promise and would eventually change the economy for the better. Roosevelt’s â€Å"New Deal Programs† were based on helping the economic problems in several different ways. The programs that he designed were to help; â€Å"federal assistance for people who had lost their jobs, houses, savings, and livelihoods†, â€Å"job creation for the unemployed through massive pub lic works projects†, â€Å"agricultural assistance for troubled farmers†, â€Å"manufacturing assistance for troubled industries†, â€Å"stricter banking regulations to prevent bank failures†, â€Å"creation of the FDIC to protect bank customer’s deposits†Show MoreRelatedThe Great Depression And Its Effects1166 Words   |  5 Pages The Great Depression The Great Depression is one of the single most important events in the financial history of the United States and the world; the effects of and leading to the Great Depression lasted for several years (Shindo). The great depression was a very difficult time in the time that it occurred. It hit people hard and left an everlasting memory (Shindo.) It would lead to a lot of devastating events better all over would feel the affect of this crisis. It was a very unexpected and suddenRead MoreThe Great Depression And Its Effects1011 Words   |  5 Pages The Great Depression was a ten year, economic downward spiral in the U.S that spanned from 1929- 1939. The cause of the Great Depression was the fault of several contributing factors. First was the stock market crash that occurred on black Tuesday of October 1929. This was the major cause because stock holders lost more than 40 billion dollars, and although it regained some of its losses, by end of 1930 truly entered the Great depression. Stock prices reached a permanent plateau. 2 out of everyRead MoreThe Effect Of The Great Depression Essay1500 Words   |  6 PagesThere is much debate as to what caused the Great Depression. There was certainly the short-term trigger of the Stock Market Crash of 1929, but there are also long-term causes that manifested itself during the 1920’s. Whether it is the shift from coal to electricity that negatively affected those invested with the old technology, or a shift more to trucks and cars to transport goods instead of railroads, or perhaps that farmers were losing their farms because over over-investment during the lateRead MoreEffects Of The Great Depression1329 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish 8 3/12/2015 The Effects of the Great Depression The Great Depression, the worst economic recession in US history. In October 1929 the U.S. stock market crashed. This event is commonly referred to as the beginning of the Depression. The stock market crashed in New York causing the rest of America to fall. It was not just one factor, but a combination of domestic and worldwide conditions that led to the Great Depression. There are many theories of what caused the Great Depression, however, they areRead MoreThe Great Depression And Its Effects2007 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"My parents survived the Great Depression and brought me up to live within my means, save some for tomorrow, share and don t be greedy, work hard for the necessities in life knowing that money does not make you better or more important than anyone else. So, extravagance has been bred out of my DNA.† This quote from a child who was born and raised during the Great Depression is telling us something that used to be true to nearly everybody and is not as true as it should be today. This is an ideaRead MoreThe Effects Of The Great Depression4304 Words   |  18 PagesPaper 2: The effects of the Great Depression By: Christa Dorvil Paper 2: The effects of the Great Depression By: Christa Dorvil Modern World History Instructed by Dr. Stephanie Laffer Miami International University of Art and Design Abstract Never had the flaws of capitalism been so evident or as devastating as during the decade that followed the outbreak of the Great Depression in 1929. All across the Euro-American heartland of capitalist world, this vaunted economy systemRead MoreThe Effect Of The Great Depression1278 Words   |  6 Pagesdebated many times. Welfare has good and bad aspects to it. The welfare system came about when the stock market crashed in October of 1929. The stock market crashing had a huge effect on the economy. Banks started to fail, businesses closed, and thus millions of people lost their jobs. The effect of the Great Depression was crucial. It was particularly hard on the children. President Franklin Roosevelt focused on two topics. One was the most important to him; it was to create jobs for the millionsRead MoreThe Great Depression Effects On America1351 Words   |  6 PagesThe Great Depression had a profound effect on the generation that lived through it, with many people struggling j ust to get by, and the crisis lasted for years. An entire decade was shaped by this event and so were its people. Because of the effects of the Great Depression, essentially everyone had to change their lifestyle and their daily routines. Because of these tough times, the American outlook on life was grim, the Great Depression lasted for over a decade and no one knew when it was goingRead MoreGlobal Effects Of The Great Depression Essay1099 Words   |  5 PagesGrace Young Dr. John R. Dabrowski American History II, AMH-2020-H01 7 December 2016 Global Effects of the Great Depression When the American stock market crashed on the infamous Black Tuesday in October 1929, the resulting circumstances were felt worldwide. This crisis resulted in a devastating economic collapse. The ensuing Great Depression was in fact a global event. The world was not immediately engulfed by this wave of economic decline. The timing of economic events varied greatly among nationsRead MoreThe Effect of the Great Depression Worldwide765 Words   |  3 PagesThe Great Depression was a major economic disaster which left the people of the world shocked. Many countries were already left in a bad position due to the effect of World War I. Countries that bought and sold on the international market were affected. The United Kingdom, France, and Germany were just a few of the affected countries that had a difficult time getting their country back to great economic shape. The United Kingdom finished World War I a few years prior to the Great Depression, and

Software Testing in Safety Critical Systems Free Essays

string(252) " complete life cycle of safety-related systems from planning to decommissioning and refers to all aspects related to the use and requirements for electrical / electronic / programmable electronic systems \(E / E / PEE\) for separately functions \[4\]\." Abstract Today, many safety-critical applications are controlled by computer software. Therefore effective testing tools are required to provide a high degree of safety and to reduce severe failures too minimum. The paper examines existing regulating standards in safety-critical systems. We will write a custom essay sample on Software Testing in Safety Critical Systems or any similar topic only for you Order Now By comparing different software testing methods the requirements and challenges in safety-critical software testing are being evaluated. The QUICKIES standard serves as the mall regulatory framework for all separately systems and provides the basis for the creation of application- and Interdependently tankards. Moreover it defines certain safety integrity levels depending on the field of application and recommends testing methods according to these levels. In model- based safety testing a usage model with restricted space state domain is used to generate representative test cases. Statistical testing is a mathematical approach that uses a high number of test cases to reach a significant result. The main challenge of all safety-related testing methods Is to reduce testing time and complexity without distorting the significance of the test. These can for example be transportation systems, power plants, and medical applications. As people’s lives depend on the correct function of such control systems and their software, thorough testing is required before they can be admitted to operation. There are many different software testing methods. Most of them only analyze the probability of a failure but do not value its severity. However, in safety-critical systems a failure that has severe consequences, even if it is extremely rare, can not be accepted. Therefore testing in this field has to be adopted accordingly. The purpose of this paper is to find and compare the latest methods for safety-critical footwear testing and to identify the most common industry standard in this field. Moreover the requirements and challenges in safety-critical software testing will be elaborated. At the beginning the paper will provide definitions that are required for the understanding of the subsequent chapters. After that, an introduction to the JUICE 508 safety standard, which serves as a basis for most industry-specific standards, is given. The chapter â€Å"Testing Methods† will address some of the latest safety-related software testing methods in detail. 5 Definitions 2 Definitions 2. 1 Reliability and Safety In safety critical systems both, reliability and safety are required to achieve the goals of dependability. However, reliability and safety are two different attributes of dependability. The reliability, R(t) , of a system is a function of time. It is defined as the conditional probability that the system will perform its intended function in a defined way over a given time period and under certain specified and assumed conditions. The most used parameter to characterize reliability is the Mean Time To Failure (MATT). The safety, S(t), of a system is defined as the probability that a system ill either perform its functions correctly or will discontinue its functions in a way that does not interrupt the operation of other systems or Jeopardize the safety of any people associated with the system [1]. Based on these definitions, in reliability testing all failures are weighted equally, whereas in safety testing the failures are weighted according to their severity. Therefore, a reliable system may be quite unsafe and a safe system may be very unreliable. 2. 2 Safety-critical System States very complex to generate. As many states are unreachable or very difficult to reach hey can be reduced to a relatively small number of representative system states. These states are grouped in three subsets: Normal State Subset (NUNS), Fail-Safe State subset (FPS) and Risky state subset (IRS). Their relationships are: s=Unusualness; 6 Their inter-dependability is described as a Markova chain (see figure 1) [2]. Figure 1 : Three-state Markova Model for Safety-critical Systems(Source: 2. Markova Chain Usage Model The Markova chain usage model describes the possible usage of a software based on a predicted environment. It can be used to generate statistical test cases and to estimate the software reliability. In an Markova model the transition from operation I to operation J can be denoted by an ordered pair . Let be the transition probability from operation I to operation J, with and EX=I .. N p(is)=1, where n is the number of operations. The transitions and transition probabilities can be represented in the form of a matrix [3]. Each specific usage of the program corresponds to a path X=(XI, XX,†¦ Xi) in the Markova chain where Xi corresponds to the I-the operation. P(Xi, X]) determines the next executed operation J after execution of operation I. Since the operations are random rabbles, each path X=(XI, XX,†¦ ) forms a stochastic process. For a particular path x=(ox, XSL ,†¦ ), the corresponding path execution probability is [3]: 7 pox pop , x 3 Standards There exist both national and international standards and guidelines at different depths and classifications which define requirements for safety-related technologies. Yester and provides the basis for the creation of application- and underspecified standards. It includes more than 500 pages of normative and informative specifications and proposals. Nowadays most safety-related standards are based on he JUICE 508 in combination with the previously applicable requirements [4]. The JUICE 508 defines so called Safety Integrity Levels (Sills) wh ich serve as a measure for the safety requirements on a certain system. The following table shows the different SILLS as well as the corresponding probability of failure and application examples. Probability of Failure One Failure in x Years Consequences Application Example 10-8 110000 years Potential for fatalities in the community Nuclear power plant control 2 10_7 1 1100 years Potential for multiple on-site fatalities Hazardous area laser curtain sensor 1100 years Potential for major on-site injuries and fatalities Hazardous liquid flow meter 10-5 110 years Potential for minor on-site injuries Thermal meter Table 1 : Safety Integrity Levels (Source: 8 Standards The 'EC 61 508 is divided into seven parts. Parts one through four are normative and are used as a guide. The last three parts, are informative and include practical examples which should help to simplify the application of the standard. The ‘CE 61 508 describes the complete life cycle of safety-related systems from planning to decommissioning and refers to all aspects related to the use and requirements for electrical / electronic / programmable electronic systems (E / E / PEE) for separately functions [4]. You read "Software Testing in Safety Critical Systems" in category "Papers" According to the focus of this paper only the parts relating to software testing are mentioned in the following paragraph. Figure 2 shows the verification and validation process in software development according to the JUICE 508 standard. The E/E/PEE system safety requirements are applied both on the system architecture and the software specifications. Every level in the system architecture verifies if it meets the requirements of the next higher layer (I. E. Coding fulfills module design requirements, module design fulfills software yester design requirements etc. ). Moreover each system architecture layer is tested by a specific test. As soon as the test circuit is closed successfully the software can be validated. The standard also recommends and rates certain test methods according to the required SILL. In order to meet the requirements of the ‘CE standard a series. Test methods comprised in the ‘CE 61 508 are categorized as follows [6]: Failure analysis (I. E. Cause consequence programs) Dynamic analysis and testing (I. E. Test case execution from model-based test case generation) Functional and black box testing (I. . Equivalence classes and input partition testing, including boundary value analysis) Performance testing (I. E. Response timings and memory constraints) Static analysis (I. E. Static analysis of run time error behavior) 9 Figure 2: ‘CE 61 508-3 Verification and Validation Process(Source: 10 Testing Methods 4 Testing Methods There are many different software testing methods. A detailed introduction to all different methods would be far beyond the scope of this paper. Therefore the author will only mention two methods he deems most relevant in the field of safety-related software testing. Finally both methods are compared and their possible application areas are evaluated. 4. 1 Model-based Safety Testing In model-based testing explicit behavior models that encode the intended behavior of a system and its environment are used. These models generate pairs of inputs and outputs. The output of such a model represents the expected output of the system under test (SOT). Mineral model-based testing method. The system safety-related behavior is defined in the safety requirements specification. Test cases are derived from a safety model that is extracted from the SHUT and from formal safety requirements. This model encodes the intended behavior and maps each possible input to the corresponding output. Safety test selection criteria relate to the functional safety of the safety- critical system, to the structure of the model (state coverage, transition coverage), and also to a well defined set of system faults. Safety test case specifications are used to formalize the safety test selection criteria and render them operational. For the given safety model and the safety test case specification, an automatic safety test case generator and optimizer generates the safety test case suite. Finally, the concreted input part of a test case is submitted to the SHUT and the SOT’s output is recorded. The concentration of the input part of a test case is performed by a safety test engine. Besides executing the safety case, it can also compare the output of the SHUT with the expected output as provided by the safety test case [6]. 1 Figure 3: Model-based Safety Testing according Gang You et al. (Source: Test Case Generation One of the most commonly tools for test case generation are model checking techniques. The main purpose of model checking is to verify a formal safety property (given as a logic formula) on a system model. In test case generation, model checking is used in order to find violati ons of certain formal safety properties. Safety models of safety-critical software systems may have a huge number of states. Therefore the greatest challenge when using a model checker is to cope with the state space explosion. As a countermeasure, Gang You et al. ‘s approach applies the safety model, which is derived from SHUT and certain safety requirements. The model 12 limits the number of states by splitting them into three subsets (NUNS, FPS, IRS) containing only representative states (see 2. X). Moreover the safety model encodes he intended behavior, and from its structure, safety test cases can be derived. It thereby restricts the possible inputs into the SHUT and the set of possible separately behaviors of the SOT. Hence, to reduce the amount of testing and guarantee the quality of testing the model checker will search those most frequently entered states and generate the corresponding safety test cases without searching the whole state spaces. The selection of states is based on the safety requirements (Sills). Generally speaking, the safety model can be seen as a test selection criterion generate safety-related test cases. Figure 4 shows the corresponding flow chart. 1 . The system safety model in the form of a finite state machine (FSML) is transformed into the input language of the model checker tool (SPIN) 2. Each test requirement of a given safety criterion is formulated as a temporal logic expression (LET). 3. Based on the Markova model of a system, the state space is divided into three subsets. 4. In term of these subsets, the negation of each expression of the formula is verified by the model checker. If there is an execution path in the model that does not satisfy the negated formula then it is presented by the model checker as a counter-example. This path becomes a test sequence that satisfies the original test requirement. 5. The inputs and outputs that form the executable test case are extracted from the counter-example or are derived by a corresponding guided simulation of the model. 13 Figure 4: Test Case Generation Framework according Gang You et al. (Source: 4. 2 Statistical Testing As already mentioned in 2. 1 reliability is defined as the conditional probability that the system will perform its intended function. This chapter will link the reliability of a system with the Markova usage model (see 2. 3). Let f: be a function that shows the failure probability of a software. The argument D represents the possible usage set of the software. Each element AXED is a usage path from quo (initial operation) to send (final operation) The relation between software reliability R and failure probability F is: R=l -F (2). In the assumed model the failure behavior of the software only depends on its usage path X and not on the input. This means that the input domain corresponding to the used X is homogeneous. The simplest way of obtaining unbiased reliability estimation of the software is to select N test paths XSL, XX, †¦ , CNN according to the usage model. The exult of the function f(Xi) is 1 if the path fails and O otherwise. Then the arithmetic 14 mean of f(Xi) is an unbiased estimate PEP(f(X)), which is the mathematical expectation of the software failure probability under transition matrix P. Hence, the software reliability can be expressed as R=l -PEP(f(X)) [3]. Critical operations are infrequently executed in real applications. This generates the problem that development organizations have to spend too much time when performing adequate statistical testing. Although one can overcome these drawbacks by increasing the execution probabilities of critical operations during statistical entire software under test. Yang Going et al. 3] found a possible approach to overcome this problem: Importance Sampling (IS) Based Safety-critical Software Statistical Testing Acceleration. IS Based Safety-critical Software Statistical Testing Acceleration This chapter presents the Is-based software statistical testing acceleration method. It ensures that the critical operations tested adequately by adjusting the transitio n probabilities in the matrix of the usage model, and at the same time, produces the unbiased reliability of the software under test. The IS technique reduces simulation run times hen estimating the probabilities of rare events by Monte Carlo simulations [3]. For complex software with a large model matrix, the simulation procedure is often extremely time consuming. To overcome this problem, Yang Going et al. ‘s approach adopts a simulated annealing algorithm to calculate the optimal matrix Q. This widely used optimization method employs stochastic techniques to avoid being trapped in local optimal solution. The 16 exact mathematical explanation of this algorithm is complex and would be out of the scope of this paper. [3] 4. 3 Method Comparison Although model-based and statistical testing follow completely different approaches, the challenges are very similar. Both methods have to limit the extent and complexity of testing. Model-based testing reduces the number of test cases by restricting the state space domain of the Markova chain usage model. Whereas statistical testing reduces the number by changing the relation between critical and normal test cases with help off likelihood ratio. 5 Conclusion Today an increasing number of safety-critical applications are controlled by computer software. Therefore effective testing tools are required to provide a high degree of safety and to reduce severe failures to a minimum. The paper focused on How to cite Software Testing in Safety Critical Systems, Papers

Realistic Educational Curriculum Essay Sample free essay sample

This field survey shows the dynamic ability of a course of study to different alterations. Field survey 4 is all about different course of study and appraisal being utilized to advance students’ advancement. Field survey 4 is a manner on how to hold a deep apprehension in different course of study being tested. Having a first twelvemonth in K-12 plan this field survey open up the positive results in acquiring this course of study to be globally competitory. The Field Study StudentEdnalyn Guinto Caguimbal was born on April 18. 1993 with my parents Edgardo Austria Caguimbal and Celina Guinto Caguimbal. I‘m 2nd firstborn from five siblings. I graduated my in Tagkawayan Central Elementary School and I finished my secondary old ages at Novaliches High School. I had my first twelvemonth college at Southern Luzon State University- Judge Guillermo Eleazar with Bachelor in Secondary Education Major in English. Due to unexpected events of my life I transferred here at Westmead International School and shifted in Science major. I believe in the quotation mark â€Å"Who dares to learn must neer discontinue to larn. † — John Cotton Dana. â€Å"A instructor affects infinity ; he can neer state where his influence Michigans. † — Henry Brooks Adams. Bing a instructor is non portion of my program before. I one time dream to be a successful attorney. vocalist and terpsichoreans. Typical dreams being encountered of immature one time. Thingss turned upside down when I eventually have the biggest spring in my pupil life college. I merely thought of why non seek instruction? If I don’t experience my topographic point here so I will switch. Having my first twelvemonth made me recognize that even before I am already learning. Unaware of the small things that I commit before I realized that learning doesn’t need me. I need it. I want to animate others non by stating my griefs and failures but on how they will acquire better hereafter through instruction. Statement of the PurposeThis paper entails different course of study attacks being utilised as of now in Dagatan National High School. This digest was prepared and developed to supply and portion experiences for those who will undergo the same projects. Through the experiences written. some latest inventions and schemes in learning were shared. Their pertinence will change depending on whatever and whenever it suited to the schoolroom state of affairs. Some schoolroom jobs were besides mentioned. Whether they are terrible or non. they are someway enriching experiences that will steer and learn future wise mans in executing learning enterprises. In this paper readers can see and visualise what I undergo and experienced during my observation in DNHS. Collaborating School Dagatan National High School is a public school located in TAYSAN. BATANGAS. VissionDagatan National Highschool. as a centre of model acquisition for secondary pupils in the division of Batangas headed by advanced and dynamic chief supported by high qualified. effectual. and God- fearing instructors and concerned interest holders who manus in manus in supplying a contributing school environment and the development of the value oriented. measure up alumnuss. Mission Dagatan National High School provides environment which aid pupils attain life’s end on Earth which lead them to a bright hereafter and a happy ageless life. Momentous Experiences and PenetrationsTuesday forenoon I prepared myself cognizing that this is the twenty-four hours of our first observation In Dagatan NHS. I rushed everything ; I have to go an hr merely to make our meeting topographic point. In my surprise cipher non even one of them delaies for me. I remembered that if they can’t wait for they can take the drive and go forth me behind. Imagine the feeling that you are in a jeepney traveling to a topographic point new and no 1 to speak. You can’t portion the exhilaration because you are all by yourself. I texted my spouse Jael. I ask her for the room that we will detect. She replied and told me to travel for chief first. I was so nervous. Afraid of being punished because for the first twenty-four hours of our observation I was late. In my surprise everybody is so hospitable. They teach me and steer to the subdivision that designated for us. At last I saw Jael sitting beside the teacher’s tabular array. The fe eling of exhilaration haste to my venas. As I enter the schoolroom and I introduced myself to the instructor and pupils I am so glad because they greet me as good â€Å"Good Morning Tr. Ednalyn. Mabuhay! † I can’t explicate the feeling that I’m still a pupil but these students treat me as a instructor already. I think the first things I encountered made an impact on my observation. The first topic of the pupil is mathematics. I remembered my mathematics when I was 2nd twelvemonth as drilling topic. But I was incorrectly. Mrs. Javier has well-modulated voice and together with her humor the category is so alive and everybody participates. She is a instructor of acquisition by making virtuousness. She said that everyone or anybody that goes in forepart and reply in the chalkboard learns. The chalkboard has a thaumaturgy that works for everyone. The 2nd topic that we observed is the class 7. Everyone is still get bying with the new course of study even the instructors. The treatment went so smooth for the pupils. Provided with all of the activities. pupils enjoys take parting while larning. We wait for our fellow schoolmates for their agendas. We spend our linger clip under a nipa hut in forepart the library of the school. Once once more all of us are really flattered because it was break clip and most of the pupils that pass recognize us with smiling in their faces. Surely the money and the long travel are worth it. We entered at their library. their librarian is really suiting. She even entertained us while waiting for the principal. As we pass our agenda I got a little nervous because the individual I thought to be the principal who entertained me earlier was the counsel counsellor. So it means that this is the first meeting that I will hold. We left the school with smilings in our faces stating that this is merely the start and delay for our return dagatan. The twenty-four hours two of our observation we observed categories from class 7. In Pre-algebra this term they covered Variables. Expression. Integers. Factors. Advocates. Rational Numbers. Probability and Percent. Students are given day-to-day prep assignments Monday through Wednesday. Some in category clip is spent traveling over homework inquiries but pupils are expected to self-correct their prep assignments and convey up inquiries for treatment in category clip. Every Thursday pupils are given clip to reexamine for their Friday quiz. For those pupils who feel they have mastered the stuff I distribute a POW on Thursdays that can be submitted for excess recognition on Fridays. : Classroom agenda should non be a portion of appraisal – this information is needed by pupil and household at the start of their category. We have our break clip before continuing in the following category that we are traveling to observed. I have this peculiar observation on subdivision aguila. They are holding they filipino capable and some of them are practising for the close competition on â€Å"Buwan ng Wika† . Everyone is really supportive to their campaigner to win for their competition. The Filipino instructor told us that she was shocked because she doesn’t expect us. Her category is holding their pattern and utilizing their clip so that they can see the betterment of their campaigners. But after some clip she asks her co-trainer to complete the pattern because she will hold a short treatment so that we can detect something from her category. I and Jael were so glad because of the fight showed by the instructor. Teachers can learn in any state of affairs that her responsibilities call her. By the terminal of the category we planned to remain in the same room because harmonizing to the pupils there will be new subdivision that will utilize the schoolroom for the first topic. Jael and I choose to remain so that we can detect new category. In our surprise as the instructor entered the room. we told her of we can detect her category but she turned us down. She told us that this category so difficult to manage that she doesn’t want us to see her category. Jael and I don’t argue with her anymore. We thanked her and told her that we will merely look for another schoolroom. As we search for another category to observed we were speaking on the sudden alteration in our temper. First we were so amaze on how the Filipinoteacher manages to learn her pupils even in s short period of clip. and so now we were so defeated because it seems that she doesn’t want us to see the existent scene of a category. The battles on how you are traveling to manage a category with slow larning ratio. We manage to happen new category in 2nd twelvemonth. As they say if the door closed searched for the other door. Such approvals that we were out casted from the category. we find a biological science category. Their instructor is really lively. She asked every pupil to convey different types of roots. I think that this instructor knows what she is making. She doesn’t use any books merely different type of roots merely and she managed to learn her pupil with these resources. On our 3rd twenty-four hours I thought that we will hold the same agenda. I was every bit early as 6 and I found out that we will run into by 7:30 strange. As we reached Dagatan Sarah told us that the chief already leaves the locality. She left for a meeting. We asked every instructors that if we can hold the agendas from them. We were really hurt because a instructor said that â€Å" kaya ayaw KOs nanogram may nagoobsereve eh. they disturb the classes† really bosom breakage seen for a pupil like us. It is non our mistake. we came to school in the designate clip but unluckily the principal is non about. We were really grateful that one from the 3rd twelvemonth teacher told us to go forth our agenda from the guard and she will merely gave us 1 hr for our attempt in traveling to their school. We leave the school with small letdowns in our Black Marias. But for me I am really fed up imagine this is the first clip that I came really early so we are non holding our treatment. But i t is all right everything happens with a intent. On the 4th twenty-four hours we observed categories from 3rd twelvemonth. Our first category is in Mahogany. Their instructor is Ms. agito. She follows her lesson program. She has a sweet voice but being true to you I was so sleepy because her topic is chemical science and it was calculation of multitudes of solution and per centum. Strange but her pupils participates and replies all the inquiries. Her scheme is really effectual. During their rating most of her pupils got high tonss. I besides managed to take some quotation marks from her category. No chemical science book is of all time complete because cognition grows continuously. Science is incorrect it neer solves a job without doing it. Education is a hoarded wealth non for one but for everyone. Science of today is engineering of tomorrow. A lazy chemist means a tidy research lab. The following category is mathematics and the instructor is Dionisia Alcantara their treatment is all about complimentary angle. In her category she has stating excessively: merely mathematics and mathematical logic can state small as physicist means to state. There is a really good stating that if trigons invented a God they would do him three sided. There is no royal route when going the journey of geometry. The following category is from Filipino topic. subdivision lauan. Their treatment is about â€Å"pagkabata† We found the instructor Mrs. Christine Espiritu as rigorous instructor. But we are incorrect until she approached us shared things while she was as a field perceiver like us. In our 4th twenty-four hours we observed categories from 4th twelvemonth. We observed the category of Sir Rex Ramos. They are heading in their computing machine research lab. Harmonizing to him they are traveling to hold their end product. They have good installation to use. Their research lab is non merely paraphernalia. He entertained all of our inquiries. There is besides a amusing inquiry from me. I ask for a UBD course of study which is an attack merely. I wasn’t offended I was so glad to be educated from their differences. We planned on what we are traveling to give for the principal as a item of grasp. We planned to give it by the twenty-four hours that we are traveling to hold our interview on class 7 instructors.On our last twenty-four hours stating good pass to the school that opened our bosom on better apprehension in our way that we will take is really bosom breakage. Last expression for the school that hoarded wealth us non merely any observer but cares as our household. I am really certain to lose the pupils that I used to detect. Particularly the 2nd twelvemonth category of rose. They are the first pupils I observed and respected me as a instructor even if I am still a pupil like them. I will lose the Nipa hut that is ever at that place to give us some caducous if we wait for everyone to go forth their category. We will lose the canteen that helps us be home in their school. The of all time so delightful lomi in their school which marks our gustatory sensations buds.We will lose the full school of Dagatan National High School. Westmead International SchoolGulod Labac. Batangas CityCollege of Teacher Education July 26. 2012 Mrs. Cecilia AlcantaraPrincipalDagatan National High School Dame: Greetings! My Third Year Education pupils are presently taking their Degree fahrenheit 3 ( Technology in the Learning Environment ) and FS 4 ( Researching the Curriculum ) . FS 3 requires them to carry on schoolroom observations to enrich the students’ experiences in developing and using appropriate engineering to ease acquisition. It shall supply exposure and hands-on chances in the usage of instructional stuffs in learning. Furthermore. FS 4 entails hands- on experiences in using and verifying the cognition gained on course of study development through exposure to the bing course of study. It shall besides supply penetrations to pupils on how the course of study can be efficaciously implemented in a schoolroom scene. In connexion with this. I would wish them to be exposed to assorted schoolroom scenes and application of instructional stuffs. With this aim in head. I seek for your permission to let them observe categories in your establishment and do the necessary activities that will r un into the subjects’ aims. The activities are as follows: FS 3 ( Technology in the Learning Environment )1. Detect a category on its regular agenda. Note down the assorted learning AIDSs that are utilized in the teaching-learning procedure. 2. Prepare instructional stuffs ( flash cards. word cards. images. cut-outs. transparences and skid presentation ) that are appropriate to the acquisition content. 3. Try out the instructional materials/ presentation to the group of scholars 4. Plan a bulletin board show. FS 4 ( Researching the Curriculum )1. Conduct a schoolroom observation. Identify the instruction schemes used by the instructor for effectual execution of the course of study. ( BEC. UBD and K to 12 Curriculum ) 2. Expose them to existent schoolroom scene. Get a transcript of the category agenda and category activities ( academic and extracurricular activities ) . Detect how these activities promote effectual course of study execution. 3. Choice learning methods. larning activities and instructional stuffs or resources appropriate to the scholars and aligned to the aims of the lesson. Furthermore. the pupils are required to make these activities for 17 hours. Attached is the list of the names of pupils enrolled in FS 3 and FS 4 topics. Thank you and more power. Respectfully yours. Ms. Rosette A. JavierFS Teacher Sir Rex Ramos He teaches Mapeh. He follows the activities in the K-12 program being provided. His schemes vary on the subdivision that he will learn. He besides uses wages system. If pupils behave they can pattern outside the room. Whenever the activities required stuffs he advises his pupil to improvize stuffs. For an case in arnis they can utilize tree bole merely be certain that they clean eat so that their manus can be safe from small sprouts. He assesses pupils by degree of appraisals. Knowledge 15 % . procedure skill 25 % . understanding 30 % . Products/ performances 30 % . The taging on their study card is represented by abbreviation. Grade or its numerical value is non shown but they have the computations. K-12 is different by its clip allotment it is twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours activity.The advantage of this course of study is easy to implement and easy for the instructors because it has tonss of activities up-to-date. The Dis an advantage is. the resources is limited and most of the treatments are found online. What if the topographic point doesn’t offer electricity? There will be no resources. Rosemarie Carcole She teaches mathematics. Her schemes are usage of auxiliary stuffs.Group or equals concerted activity. They still don’t have rating system. They are confused on what are they traveling to use in rating the pupils. The classs are on clasp. The difference of k-12 course of study is it is more on student’s activity and still they are utilizing traditional attack. The advantages are easy to do lesson programs. more clip for command ; you can do ocular AIDSs that will gain the pupils. There is learning ushers and it is cheaper for the parents because pupils will non purchase books any longer. The disadvantage is capable affair is really different pupils can’t acquire it. The treatment is complex. Mrs. Juliana Magadya She is learning scientific discipline. She uses find method. Students do all the research. Teachers guide the pupils all the clip. She is motivated with the promise of the authorities that after k-12 pupils are able to work with sheepskin. Good classs for pupils who do excess research. There is no rating system to use yet. The disadvantage is the survey clip is really long.The advantage is there is cadmium as their usher. Maricel Adaya Anaraling panlipunan instructor. She uses recommended activities in their faculties. Activities vary if the lower subdivisions can’t acquire it. Students frequently do group works. drama and vocals. K- 12 are merely like BEC. lesson planning is same in the format but it easier and the executing is the same. In Ubd they can’t accomplish activity on clip. The advantages are the medium of direction is mother lingua. The disadvantage is the learning usher covers merely the 1st and 2nd rating period they have to download it. Levi Perez An English instructor. She uses chant. skit. vocal. group activities and drama.Advantage is they speak with their female parent lingua. They are non obliged to talk in English. If the pupil speaks in Tagalog person in the category will interpret it in English. Disadvantage is if the instructor is non resourceful you have nil to learn. Traditional instruction is non avoided specially in learning grammar. But in less clip. The stuff provide by the authorities is for first one-fourth merely. We have downloaded the following lessons. Realistic Education CurriculumA. Design of the CurriculumThe overall design of 1 to 12 course of study follows the realistic attack in discoursing topics the deeper apprehension on how to use instruction in existent life state of affairs get downing from grade school. Teachers are expected to be realistic in learning. B. Desired Outcome †¢clarity of intent for learning and larning†¢manageability for learning and larning†¢balanceThis papers groups the Content Standards. Benchmarks. and related Performance Standards in the linguistic communication arts into three strands:†¢ Reading and Listening for Comprehension ;†¢ Writing and Speaking for Expression ; and†¢ Literature and Media.The Language Arts Content Standards. Benchmarks. and Performance Standards has been designed:†¢ To depict the disciplinary content and accomplishments pupils should larn at specific class degrees ;†¢ To assist instructors make schoolroom direction and reliable appraisals that address a substantial nucleus course of study that can be applied to pupil successes across all subjects ; and†¢ To function as the footing for a statewide appraisal of pupil acquisition. The Language Arts Content Standards. Benchmarks. and Performance Standards is a gyrating model in the sense that many accomplishments. one time introduced. develop over clip. While the Performance Standards are set Forth at grade-specific degrees. they do non be as stray accomplishments ; each exists in relation to the others. These Language Humanistic disciplines Standards are for all pupils and usage in all content countries. New Mexico Language Arts Content Standards. Benchmarks. and Performance Standards place what pupils should cognize and be able to make across all class degrees. Each Contented Standard is elaborated into three grade-span Benchmarks that are farther defined by specific grade degree Performance Standards. They illustrate how scholars at every degree continue to construct and spread out their cognition by utilizing similar linguistic communication accomplishments with increasing edification. polish. and independency.

Poets Poet Essay Example

Poets Poet Essay Spenser..has always been felt by his countrymen to be what Charles Lamb called him, the `Poets Poet. He has had more idolatry and imitation from his brethren than all the rest put together. (Hunt, L, 1845:75). Sharing Hunts view, we certainly believe his assertion is beyond dispute. Born in London in 1552, Edmund Spenser is considered one of the most outstanding Elizabethan poets. He benefitted from the patronage of Robert Nowell since 1569, he started his education in Merchant Taylor School, where he attained a Bachelors degree in 1572. After four years, he achieved the Masters degree at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge (Jokinen, A., 2006:1). With the satisfaction of having lived a long politically and literarily productive life, Spenser died in January, 13th, 1599, in London, being buried at Westminister Abbey (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1994:1,4) SPENSERS LIFETIME We will write a custom essay sample on Poets Poet specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Poets Poet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Poets Poet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer His connections with Politics and its influence In 1580, Spenser was named secretary to Lord Arthur Grey of Wilton, the lord-deputy of Ireland. He was asked to help in the brutal and blood-spattered English settlements in Ireland, where he spent the next two years (Zurcher, A., 2008:2). Such was Spensers admiration for Lord Grey, that Arthegal the personification of justice in the Faerie Queene is his evident embodiment. Spenser wholeheartedly approved of Greys cruel political measures in Ireland, as the aim justifies the means. The poet considered them essential for the continuance of English control and the Protestant religion. The Lords repulsive methods promoted a discord with the queens distinctive retarding manner, which resulted in Greys recall in 1582. From that moment, Spenser stepped down from his appointment, yet remained in the public service. Due to Spensers experiences in Ireland, he wrote in 1596 A view of the Present State of Ireland (published posthumously in 1633), in which the Irish plight is described and possible solutions are put forward (Jokinen, A., 2006:2,3). Spensers relationship with Elizabeth I It is an undoubted fact that Edmund Spenser felt an extreme fascination for Englands ruler of those times: Queen Elizabeth I. It was due to Spensers veneration that his extremely important masterpiece The Faerie Queene was written and therefore dedicated to Elizabeth I. It was considered the most tremendous compliment ever offered to any woman in a poem. In view of Elizabeths brilliant policies about government and religion, Spenser dared to compare her with the Virgin Mary, contrasting both queens: of Heaven and of Earth; and evoking Elizabeths power, humility and glorious government. (Sinclair, 1999:2). Spensers literature Early works By the 1580s, the young artist had already written hundreds of poems although he did not publish them. His first masterpiece was called The Shepherds Calendar (1579), which importance relied on the usage of a variety of poetic forms in order to enrich the vocabulary of English poetry (Anonymous, 2006: 1). Model Writers Edmund Spensers philosophical style of writing is a blend of ancient and contemporary poets and philosophers. He combines Platonism using the ideas of love on human and divine levels with the moral reflection of life of Aristotelianism. (Anonymous, 2006:2). The period the poet spent at the University of Cambridge was highly beneficial, as it provided him the basis for his writing and his personal style. After being influenced by Virgil, Ludovico Ariosto and Torquato Tasso, Spenser started his masterpiece The Faerie Queene; and being in contact with the Italian and the French pastoral poetry led him to produce The Shepherds Calendar. The influence of Petrarch was of the utmost importance for writing Epithalamion and Amoretti (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1994:2). Notwithstanding, the most influential people in Spensers literature were the Areopagus, a literary and intellectual group of gentlemen including Sir Philip Sidney, Sir Edward Dyer, Daniel Rogers, and Thomas Drant, who would gather in order to discuss law, philosophy and poetry (Zurcher, 2008:2). Spenser and other Elizabethan poets. Due to his peculiar writing style, which was based on the usage of archaic diction, Spenser is considered an equal among William Shakespeare, Sir Philip Sidney and John Milton.

Ethical Delimma Case Essays

Ethical Delimma Case Essays Ethical Delimma Case Essay Ethical Delimma Case Essay People find it easier to cheat what is received as a large, faceless entity like a corporation or the government than to cheat a friend or acquaintance, experts say. Games, 2002) Ethics is so important within our society that most ethical values have been integrated into the laws of our land. Society has to have ethical behavior in order to keep the supportive order that has been set. An ethical dilemma is a situation in which a decision must be made about the appropriate behavior in which an Individual or company should make to support order. It will often Involve an apparent conflict between moral Imperatives, If obeyed this would result In one person transgressing another. The history of business In the united States is littered with tales of fraud, deceit and corruption, not only by the hands of a greedy few at the top, but also with the help of employees willing to go along with the charade. (Valentine 2002) Generally speaking, there are two major approaches that philosophers use in handling ethical dilemmas. One approach focuses on the practical consequences of what we do; the other concentrates on the actions themselves. However, there are six core ethical values hat have been established to assist society with ethical behavior. Trustworthiness, respect, responsibility, fairness, caring, and citizenship are the six examples of ethical standards. Unethical behavior is defined as conduct that is deferent from what others within or society believes to be appropriate behavior. There are many reasons why people act unethically. The most common reasons are that people have different ethical standard than those of society and people choose to act selfish. There are six steps to resolving ethical dilemma. The simple ethical framework approaches are to obtain the facts, identify the ethical issues from the facts obtained, determine who, what group or person is affected by the outcome of the dilemma, identify alternatives that the individual or persons who are Involved must use to resolve the dilemma, identify the consequences of these alternatives, and come to a decision about what is the appropriate action that should be taken to resolve the dilemma. The six-step process has been condensed by Thomas White, author and professor of business ethics and director of the Center for Ethics and Business at Loyola Martyrdom university in Los Angels by offering a three-step strategy. (Martinez, 2000-2007) First analyze the consequences, then analyze the action and finally make a decision. The general focus Is on the legal Issues of what must be done versus what ought to be done. Resolving ethical dilemmas In workforce Is a fundamental problem that almost every management has when the company has a Lovers set AT employees. Ease under 4-B Walton our text (Arenas, Elder, Ana Basely 108-109) presents an ethical dilemma for Barbara Whitley. She is faced with aging a decision about what is the appropriate behavior for the situation that she is presented with by Jack Bean. As being an auditor if she throws away the schedules as Jack (the supervisor) is suggestion she do, she is not conducting herself in a professional manner as society encourages the accounting profession to do for the public or client. Also, if she does not throw away the schedules this will likely cause difficulty among her and Jack. Using the six steps that assist in resolving dilemma listed previously. While resolving the dilemma, Barbara should be able to look into he background of the situation with an open mind, the origin of the dilemma and all the individuals involved within the conflict. She should also look for any missing information that might be of importance to solving the dilemma. Then, Barbara should begin by gathering the relevant facts which come from her work, because this may contain material information that should be disclosed. Her hard work should not Just be thrown away. The ethical issue is whether to throw away the schedules that contain the misstatements as Jack is telling her to do. Easy enough to discover hat all parties are affected. Barbara is affected because she is in violation of Rule 102 and her future with the firm may be affected and her performance evaluation by Jack will be affected more negatively than positive. Jack is affected because his future with the firm is affected as well as his performance evaluation of upper management. Green, Thresher and Company, Spas are affected because if the audit is completed late they will probably lose the appointment. If the client discovers the misstatement; they could also be sued for these material misstatements because they did not detect or disclose them. Delaney Fabrics will be affected, because they may not have the time to correct the misstatements, if they are not brought up in time. Therefore, additional cost will be incurred if they have to adjust their financial statements if the misstatements exist and are not reported. Next, Barbara has alternatives with consequences of throwing the schedules away and taking the chance that the client will discover the misstatements and sue. She can tell Jack that she is not going to throw the schedules away and she probably will not get a favorable review. Where possible, try to speak with your manager or someone else you trust when in doubt especially if the decision you have to make affects the company. Make sure that you dont assume that your company will tolerate you doing something wrong even if it benefits them. (Mueller, 2007) She could talk to upper management about what Jack ask her to do and she could be accepted for doing what she feels is ethically correct or rejected by them for going over Jacks head to them. She could stop working on the engagement and be labeled throughout her career as being a problem with co- errors. She could even quit the firm and miss out on great knowledge as being an auditor. Finally she should decide what the appropriate action is by discussing the matter in depth with Jack for understanding only because anything else would be a violation of Rule of Conduct 102. Telling Jack that she will speak with upper management is a good approach for Barbara. This will allow her to take the right steps of reproach for her professional field.

When College isn’t for Everyone †Smart Options for Smart Kids. EssaySupply.com

When College isn’t for Everyone – Smart Options for Smart Kids Choosing your route We are right to question the value of a college education. Certainly, it is the correct route for a large chunk of students; certainly, it is not the correct route for another large chunk of students. Here’s why: College costs have now reached the point of being absurd. When family resources cannot pay the price, students graduate with debt that will stay with them for almost their entire career lifetimes. The traditional 4-year degree has almost become meaningless in many fields. Student spend their first two years completing general education requirements so as to be more well-rounded, and really only get into their major fields of study their final two years. Two years in many fields today is inadequate, and students must then incur more debt for graduate school. What are the Alternatives? Forecasters are currently predicting those career fields in which there will be large opportunity in the future. Obvious, technology is huge, but so is health care, hotel and restaurant management, e-commerce, construction, green energy, and a host of other service industries, like college essay writing service. These career fields will by no means require a knowledge of Shakespeare, the ability to write a comparison/contrast essay, or an understanding of benzene rings. What’s more, we no longer have the luxury of providing expensive liberal arts backgrounds, so that students may be â€Å"well-rounded† – other countries are leaving us in the dust. So, what choices do students have if traditional college is not for them? Community College-Industry Collaborative Programs Many jobs go unfulfilled because certain industries cannot find qualified candidates. This has led to community college-industry partnerships that specifically train students for careers that are in high demand and for which there is not a sufficient labor supply. Students should check these out – two year of training and into a career – boom! Vocational-Technical Schools There are â€Å"good guys† and â€Å"bad guys† in this business. But state departments of education publish those schools that are reputable and that prepare students well of current and future careers. Highly technical training, such as water treatment, digital design, and medical technology will serve any graduate of these programs quite well. Online Educational Programs There are huge opportunities, including free college coursework, for students who are highly motivated and self-disciplined. Students may not get formal college credit but they do get certificates of course completion with a grade. Many employers re considering these MOOC’s to be every bit as valuable as the credit-bearing courses, especially when they come from institutions such as Purdue, Princeton, and Stanford. If you are the one who says "I  hate writing essays" there is also a great option of help with writing papers being available online. A High School Diploma Won’t â€Å"Cut it† There are no career jobs available for high school graduates today. Part of the reason is that high schools are also steeped in the traditional, general education curricular requirements, and do not offer programs that allow immediate employment in fields with career potential.   The Takeaway Bill Gates and Mark Zuckerberg decided that a college education was not for them. They have not done too badly. There are many other options for careers, and the required training is far less expensive and far more focused than in a 4-year college. If you think college is not for you, you have good company and lots of options.

Teaching versus Control a Parenting Challenge Article

Teaching versus Control a Parenting Challenge - Article Example sociology and education are some of the areas that have shown immense interest in parenting styles and child behavior and have come up with empirical reports, analysis, surveys and suggestions. Parental approaches and techniques help the child evolve into a person, and therefore are very critical in their developmental process. It guides their psychological, social behavior and attitudes (Skinner, Johnson & Snyder, 2005). According to these, teaching involves educating a child the difference between right and wrong, acceptable and unacceptable behaviors. A well-taught child knows how to control impulses and takes responsibility for his actions. Parents cannot teach children everything, but can always inculcate the sense of responsibility of one’s own actions and self-control (Barber, Stolz, & Olsen, 2005). Teaching plays a crucial role in child development during the 4-8 years of age. On the other hand, parental control aims more at placing boundaries and setting rules than explaining why and how the children can avoid unacceptable behavior, or what will be the consequences (Skinner, Johnson & Snyder, 2005). The children is not taken into consideration to a great extent as they are kept in the dark of the why’s, how’s, and what’s of it. They are punished if they violate the rules, as discipline is not possible, without teaching. However, this is only an aspect of control, as empirical research brings out multiple layers of meaning to the word ‘control’. For example, Grolnick (2005) being in control and controlling the behavior of a child can be different. To be in control of child’s behavior is to protect them from dangers and equally assure civil behavior. This might at times be restrictive and sometimes allowing autonomy, but under supervision. As a technical term, ‘control’ is more narrow and precise. It interferes with the human need to feel autonomous and competent. In this case, the children are bound without choices and the actions

Augustine's Contribution to Epistemology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Augustine's Contribution to Epistemology - Essay Example Augustine deems the course by which the psyche progresses from the fixation with the object towards deliberation that of the divine as a constitutive part of the cleansing and refinement that is salvation, and as arising in the two-natured Christ, through partaking in Christ’s body.1 Augustine devoted his life to the fundamental quest for truth.2 The epistemological groundwork of his hermeneutic is originated in this expedition for truth.3 Augustine recognizes that Scripture will be understood by a man who possesses an intellectual core. Every human spirit comprehends through the means of enlightenment by a heavenly luminosity. Some men are bestowed with the grace of seeing ideas more clearly while others less clearly. Hence, in the usual course of events, the human intellect does see the divine facts moderately, not immediately in his life.4 The very character of substance hinders the human psyche from the absolute wisdom of the understandable. Augustine adopted the doctrine dated back from the time of the philosophers, Aristotle and Plato, that certain factors thwarts the soul in his search for truth and knowledge. In reference to the bible, Augustine supposes that matter deters the exact forethought for veracity. Moreover, he believes that being endowed with the birthright of original sin from Adam and Eve hinders humans to be guided by the divine light, which, in turn, will help them clearly perceive reality. Original sin darkens the path of human intellect towards certainty. Augustine believes that the corruptible body impedes the quest for knowledge and the main vice that dominates the soul is pride.5 Humility, through the Incarnation and the words of the Holy Scripture, heals pride. The Incarnation facilitates the dialogue between humans and God. Philosophical and biblical reasons predominate Augustine’s speculations of his works. However, the human psyche does not perceive truth directly. Augustine gave emphasis that the human inability to see the truth precisely in his life renders God and truth ineffable; hence, his theology accentuated that God is known better by not knowing him.6 Furthermore, celestial origin is beyond description and human words are simply unsuccessful in clearly describing it. Men utilize remarks, unsuitable they may be, just to say something rather than nothing.7 Moreover, Augustine highlights that such events can never be known.8 Beliefs an individual has known cannot be modified by a more complex fact unless that individual views that reality with his own eyes. Thus, faith continues an individual’s pursuit for wisdom. This insinuation of reliance is astonishing for Christians since their religion is rooted in a variety of historical occurrences. Now and then, some people believed that Augustine’s great contribution to epistemology is to rescue the cognitive status of belief.9 Although substandard to wisdom, it is nevertheless essential to human life in general, but especially i n religion.10 For the reason that Christianity is founded on the works of authors from long ago that individuals in this present time barely even know, what they only did was to believe in what they have written. Augustine associates ontology to epistemology for the reason that teaching and learning are spliced into being.11 For instance, language is often already a part of being, and such it is inseparable to its mnemonic function—teaching and learning.12 Thus, in Augustine’

Catherine Parker Essay Example for Free

Catherine Parker Essay There are a variety of different types of narratives used in literary texts and films. In the adaptation process from novel to film, the visual narrative of the film also needs to be considered, whereas the novel is solely dependant on the written word and the reader’s imagination. Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird and Lemony Snickett’s A Series of Unfortunate Events can be used to investigate the use of narrative in both text and film and the differences that occur in the adaptation process. When writing the novel, there is a greater opportunity to vary the style of narrative in order to provide the reader with as much information as possible, whereas in the film adaptation the addition of the visual narrative removes the opportunity to vary between different styles and it becomes much more definite. As a result of the visual information, the narrative is further affected by factors such as how something is said and the visual actions that accompany the words. ‘Film complicates literary narration by practicing two parallel and intersecting forms of narration: the verbal narration, whether through voice-over and/or the speech of characters, and the film’s capacity to show the world and its appearances apart from voice-over and character narration. † (Stam, 35) Lee’s novel employs the use of first person narrative through the female-child voice of Scout. However, in A Series of Unfortunate Events, the third person narrative used in the text has been maintained in the film via the use of voice-over, a technique often avoided by many directors and film producers. When adapting a novel, definite decisions have to be made, such as where and when the events are located and the exact time period in which events take place, and the narrative becomes a part of this. To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel concerned with time and at certain points in the story, time is presented as moving fairly slowly, even suspended at times as the characters themselves watch the action, â€Å"the spectators were quiet† (Mockingbird, 185). There is also a cyclical notion of time present as the story moves through the seasons and events take place over a number of years, shown through Dill’s annual summer visits to his Aunt Rachel, and the development of the children, particularly Jem. â€Å"When enough years had gone by to enable us to look back on them, we sometimes discussed the events leading to his accident† (Mockingbird, 9). Throughout both the novel and the adaptation, time is used as part of this narrative structure as there is a multi-layer of time as well as a multi-layer of narration. â€Å"in the motion-picture, a first-person angle of vision functions primarily to provide transitions and shifts in time and place† (Shackelford). The film becomes much more dependant on the narrative in order to portray this time span as the visual narrative will not show this development as effectively without using more than once actor to play the different ages of the children. The novel is written from the perspective of Scout, Jean Louise Finch, the youngest member of the Finch family. This use of the female child narrator may suggest that the narrative will be different to traditional, stereotypical novels of the time, due to the female-child narrator describing events involving rape and racial issues. However, what aids the text in being so successful is the fact that Scout doesn’t limit her narrative solely to events she has experienced herself, she also relays stories other people have told her and information she has overheard. â€Å"People said he existed, but Jem and I had never seen him. People said he went out at night† (Mockingbird, 15). Although it is through the voice of Scout that the story is being told, she does relay certain events as a watcher, giving the feeling of a third person narrative and enabling the audience to gain other people’s opinions and make their own judgements.

Cronenberg’s Videodrome and the Post-Modern Condition :: Cronenberg Videodrome Essays

Cronenberg’s Videodrome and the Post-Modern Condition      Ã‚  Ã‚   In past years, when an artist or philosopher critiqued the reality of the world, it was always presumed that there was a reality to be criticized. However, post-modernity has presented those people with a horrifying new challenge -- a world that has literally been so overcome by its technology that the important issues of man's existence no longer consist of finding answers to questions like "Why are we born to suffer and die?" but merely trying to distinguish between the real and the unreal, which to post-modern man is not esoteric philosophical speculation, but a practical day to day issue. The post-modern trajectory is one that leaves humans fighting not to maintain political supremacy or to break the shackles of injustice, but simply to maintain their identities as real beings in the face of technology's blurring of the lines between man and mechanics, humanity and machinery, reality and image. This struggle seems to be a losing battle for mankind, as each day the in ventions that were meant to bring us pleasure and increase our leisure time, instead dehumanize us by taking a piece of our selfhood for their own with every passing moment. The post-modern social theorist Jean Baudrillard posits that the world of today is a never-ending "virtual apocalypse" of reality yielding to the hyperreal--reality defined not as what, in fact is. but rather that which can be simulated, reproduced, or Xeroxed. Desperate times call for desperate measures, and never has this been more true than in the world of the post-modern, where the only viable strategy left is to take technology's weapons and turn them to our advantage, in one final attempt to preserve our humanity by somehow finding meaning in the hallucinatory, cybernetic, hyperreal spectacle that is the post-modern condition. Of all the possible means of gaining the insight into our nature and the nature of the world that is necessary to survive technology's siege on reality, few media are as powerful as cinema (after all, film provides a uniquely accessible and intense vehicle for ideas), and few film-makers are as adept at dissecting the concept of post-modernity as the Canadian author David Cronenberg. In an age where every passing moment constitutes a further obscuring of the boundary between reality and image, this prophetic director clarifies, cuts through, and captures the very essence of post-modernity, through masterfully done pieces of cinematography that bring technology, obsession, and carnality together and pit them against each other in the horrific battlefield of the mind, each fighting for control of the human psyche.

Srs on Management System

Software Requirements Specification For Attendance Tracking System, Release 1. 0 Version 1. 0 Prepared by Lee Bell, Graham Kennedy, Jonathan Loudin, Roger Seagle February 9, 2003 Table of Contents Table of Contents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ i Revision History†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦ i 1. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1 1. 1 Purpose†¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1 1. 2 Document Conventions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1 1. 3 Intended Audience and Reading Suggestions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 1. 4 Project Scope†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1. 5 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1 2. Overall Description†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 1 2. 1 Product Perspective†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 1 2. 2 Product Features†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 1 2. 3 User Classes and Characteristics†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ â₠¬ ¦ †¦ 1 2. 4 Operating Environment†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 2 2. 5 Design and Implementation Constraints†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 2 2. User Documentation†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 2 2. 7 Assumptions and Dependencies†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 2 3. System Features†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ â₠¬ ¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 3 3. 1 Roll Mode†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 3 3. 2 Edit Mode†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 4 3. 3 Statistics Mode†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 6 4. External Interface Requirements†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ à ¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 7 4. User Interfaces†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 7 4. 2 Hardware Interfaces†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 7 4. 3 Software Interfaces†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 7 4. 4 Communications Interfaces†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ â₠¬ ¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 8 5. Other Nonfunctional Requirements†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 8 5. 1 Performance Requirements†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 8 5. 2 Safety Requirements†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 8 5. Security Requirements†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 8 5. 4 Software Quality Attributes†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 8 6. Other Requirements†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 9 Revision History Name Everyone Everyone Date February 9, 2003 February 12, 2003 Reason For Changes Initial Draft Revise Draft Version 1. 0 draft 1 2. 0 Final Version 1. Introduction The following document describes the functional and non-functional requirements for the Attendance Tracking System release version 1. . The contents are intended to be utilized by the software engineering class as guidelines for implementation and testing. This Software Requirements Specification document only covers the main s ystem and does not describe the implementation of the database in which the main system interacts. All the requirements stated in this document are slated for implementation in version 1. 0, unless otherwise specified. 1. 1 Purpose 1. 2 Document Conventions As of the latest version of this Software Requirements Specification, there are no document conventions.The intended audience is the software engineering class, who will be implementing and testing the Attendance Tracking System. Also, the document is to be utilized by the software engineering professor to evaluate the software’s design and features. The Attendance Tracking System will allow professors to maintain a record of attendance of students in their respective classes from a Pocket PC. Also, the system will permit the instructor to send a student a notification email of their absence. Furthermore, the program provides different modes to edit attendance, view tatistics, and take notes on elements pertaining to atten dance. The goal is to provide a professor with an easy, portable solution to attendance record maintenance and attendance statistics. 1. 3 Intended Audience and Reading Suggestions 1. 4 Project Scope 1. 5 References 1. Weigers, Karl. Software Requirements Specification Template, http://www. processimpact. com/process_assets/srs_template. doc 2. Overall Description The Attendance Tracking System is intended to replace the manual model of attendance record keeping by means of roll call and paper records.The roll call and paper records are replaced with a single interaction between the professor and the Attendance Tracking System. Professors will be able to view pictures of students on their Pocket PC and quickly maintain attendance records. The features expressed in this Software Requirements Specification document are intended to be fully implemented in version 1. 0. The system will be developed in such a way to provide easy addition of enhanced features, which may be desired in subs equent versions. The main feature of the Attendance Tracking System is for a professor to take roll from the Pocket PC.Pictures will be displayed for each student in the class, so the professor can recognize students without having to manually call roll. If students are absent, the system sends a notification email to the student stating the current number of absences the student has accumulated. Also, the system allows the professor to view pertinent statistics on student’s attendance record for the specified class. Finally, another feature of the Attendance Tracking System is the ability to easily edit the attendance record for any given day. Professors 2. 1 Product Perspective 2. 2 Product Features 2. User Classes and Characteristics A professor is a faculty member of Wake Forest University in Winston Salem, North Carolina. There are 357 faculty members at the university and it is estimated that almost all faculty members will utilize the Attendance Tracking System. Profes sors will have multiple classes and interaction with the system will occur at multiple times throughout the day from multiple professors. The professor should be allowed to take, edit, and view attendance records at any desirable time. All professors have wireless Internet access through their Pocket PC’ s while on campus.This connection provides the backbone of the Attendance Tracking System. Figure 1: Context diagram for Attendance Tracking System. 2. 4 Operating Environment OE-1: OE-2: OE-3: The Attendance Tracking System shall function on the Pocket PC provided by the university. This entails the system to operate on the Windows CE platform. The Attendance Tracking System shall interface between Windows CE and a Linux server designated to store the attendance records. The Web Server and Database Software have not been established at this point.Updated versions of this document will include information pertaining to these specific operating environments. The Attendance Tra cking System will operate with a yet to be established email client for notification of absences sent to students. CO-1: CO-2: CO-3: 2. 5 Design and Implementation Constraints The time allotted for this project will be limited to the Spring 2003 semester. The language for the project will be Visual C++ and the development environment will be the embedded Visual C++ 3. 0 environment. All the HTML code for the user manual will conform to the HTML 4. 0 standard. UD-1: UD-2: . 6 User Documentation The system will provide an online user manual in HTML that describes the functionality and options available to the user. The system will provide a hard copy of the user manual, which is identical to the manual outlined in UD-1 AS-1: AS-2: 2. 7 Assumptions and Dependencies The database mentioned within this Software Requirements Specification document is previously administered with the correct information needed by the Attendance Tracking System. For attendance policies, since professors do n ot usually tabulate tardiness, it is assumed a student is either present or absent.The notes functionality allows the professor the option to comment on tardiness and the edit mode allows the professor to correct attendance due DE-1: DE-2: 3. System Features to tardiness. Class data being used for setup and student recognition is dependent on information in a database administered outside of the capabilities of the Attendance Tracking System. Statistics on student attendance is dependent on a professor’ s consistent utilization of the system for each class period. Figure 2: State Diagram for transition between modes within the system. 3. 1 Roll Mode 3. 1. 1 Description and PriorityA user whose identity has been verified will be able to retrieve a roster and take roll at class time. The Pocket PC will determine the correct roster for the current date and time, retrieve that roster from a database server, and display it for the purposes of taking roll. The user will be able to designate each class member as present or absent, and upload that status information to the server. The server will notify the class members marked as absent by e-mail. Priority = High. 3. 1. 2 Stimulus/Response Sequences Stimulus: Response: Stimulus: Response: Stimulus: Response: Stimulus: Response: User loads system.System queries server and if a class exists for the current date, time, and user, then that roster is retrieved and displayed. User requests that a class member be marked absent. The class member is designated as absent. User requests that a class member be marked present. The class member is designated as present. User requests that the data be sent to the server for storage. The absence data for the current roster are transmitted to the server. Stimulus: Response: Server receives data indicating a class member has been recorded absent. E-mail is sent to that class member. 3. 1. 3 Functional Requirements Roll. Retrieve. Time: Roll.Retrieve. Date: Roll. Retrieve. Roste r: Roll. Retrieve. Roster. No: Roll. Display. Roster: Roll. Display. Members: Roll. Mark. Present: Roll. Mark. Absent: Roll. Transmit. Data: Roll. Notify. E-mail: The system shall retrieve the current time. The system shall retrieve the current date. The system shall retrieve the roster from the server that matches the current time and date. If no roster is found to match current time and date, default menus will be displayed. The system will display the roster on screen. The roster will display the pictures and names of class members. Members have the ability to be marked as present.Members have the ability to be marked as absent. The system will transmit the status of each class member in the active roster to the server. The system will notify all class members by e-mail if they are marked as absent along with their current status within the attendance policy. 3. 2 Edit Mode Figure 3: State Transitions within Roll Mode. 3. 2. 1 Description and Priority A user whose identity has be en verified who wishes to change the absence status of one or more class members as is related to a past class period will have the ability to retrieve the roster data for that class period from the server.Absence data may then be adjusted and the corrections uploaded to the server. Any new absences will result in notification by e-mail to the class member in question. A change from absent to present will result in a notification that an absence has been removed. Priority = High. 3. 2. 3 Stimulus/Response Sequences Stimulus: Response: Stimulus: The user requests to view absence data from a certain date and time. The roster and absence data are retrieved from the server and displayed. The user requests that a class member’ s status be changed to absent. Response: Stimulus: Response: Stimulus: Response:The class member’ s status is changed to absent. The user requests that a class member’ s status be changed to present. The class member’ s status is changed to present. The user indicates that they are finished making changes. The altered data is uploaded to the server and server data is updated to reflect the changes. E-mail notification is sent to the class members affected. 3. 2. 3 Functional Requirements Edit. Retrieve. Time: Edit. Retrieve. Date: Edit. Retrieve. Roster: Edit. Retrieve. Roster. No: Edit. Display. Roster: Edit. Display. Members: The system shall allow the user to choose the date of the roster to be retrieved.The system shall allow the user to choose the date of the roster to be retrieved. The system will retrieve the roster and absence data from the requested date and time. If no such roster exists, an error message will be displayed. The system will display the roster on screen. The roster will display the pictures and names of class members along with current absence status on screen. Members will have the ability to have their status changed to present. Members will have the ability to have their status changed t o absent. The system will transmit the new status of each class member in the active roster to the server.The system will notify all class members by e-mail if their status has been changed to absent along with their current status within the attendance policy. The system will notify all class members by e-mail if their status has been changed to present along with their current status within the attendance policy. Edit. Mark. Present: Edit. Mark. Absent: Edit. Transmit. Data: Edit. Notify. Absent: Edit. Notify. Present: Figure 4: State Transitions within Edit Mode. 3. 3 Statistics Mode 3. 3. 1 Description and Priority A user whose identity has been verified may request absence statistics for class members in classes under their control.Statistics for an individual class member may be retrieved and displayed with regard to number, frequency, date of absences as well as the percentage of classes missed over a user-defined period of time. A list of class members who were absent for a chosen class period may also be retrieved. Priority = High. 3. 2. 3 Stimulus/Response Sequences Stimulus: Response: User requests a statistical record. Statistics are calculated, retrieved from the server, and displayed. 3. 3. 3 Functional Requirements Stats. Define. Range: Stats. Request. Number: Stats. Request. Dates: Stats. Request. Frequency: Stats. Request. Percentage: Stats.Request. List: Stats. Retrieve. Number: Stats. Retrieve. Dates: Stats. Retrieve. Frequency: Stats. Retrieve. Percentage: Stats. Retrieve. List: The user shall have the ability to set the date or range of dates for which statistics will be retrieved. The user shall have the ability to request the number of absences for a class member. The user shall have the ability to request the dates of the absences for a class member. The user shall have the ability to request the frequency of absences for a class member. The user shall have the ability to request the percentage of class periods that a class member was a bsent.The user shall have the ability to request a list of the class members absent on a given date. The system shall have the ability to calculate and retrieve the number of absences for a class member from the server. The system shall have the ability to calculate and retrieve the dates of the absences for a class member from the server. The system shall have the ability to calculate and retrieve the frequency of absences for a class member from the server. The system shall have the ability to calculate and retrieve the percentage of class periods that a class member was absent from the server.The system shall have the ability to retrieve a list of the class members absent on a given date from the server. The system shall have the ability to display the number of absences for a class member. The system shall have the ability to display the dates of the absences for a class member. Stats. Display. Number: Stats. Display. Dates: Stats. Display. Frequency: Stats. Display. Percentage: Stats. Display. List: The system shall have the ability to display the frequency of absences for a class member. The system shall have the ability to display the percentage of class periods that a class member was absent.The system shall have the ability to display a list of the class members absent on a given date. Figure 5: State Transitions within Statistics Mode. 4. External Interface Requirements 4. 1 User Interfaces UI-1: UI-2: UI-3: UI-4: UI-5: The Attendance Tracking System shall provide pictures above the names of students in the class to aid in taking roll. These pictures can be clicked with a stylus in order to indicate whether a student is present or absent. All modifications to the database will be done through a stylus, the keyboard would only be needed to enter passwords.The Attendance Tracking System will provide a help link that will download a user manual and project it onto the screen in case the user has difficulty in using the program. The program will provide a page that produces current statistics on class attendance. 4. 2 Hardware Interfaces HI-1: HI-2: HI-3: The Attendance Tracking System will reside on the Pocket PC, however, it will be able to report its data to a database set up on a Solaris machine. The Attendance Tracking System will also be able to tell the Solaris machine to send emails to students who have missed class.The Pocket PC will use a wireless Ethernet card to communicate with the database set up on the Solaris machine. 4. 3 Software Interfaces SI-1: SI-1. 1: SI-1. 2: SI-1. 3: SI-2: SI-2. 1: SI-2. 2: Attendance Tracking System This software will transmit the attendance of a class to a database on a Solaris machine via wireless Ethernet. The user will be allowed to modify attendance records at any time. If the user forgets to transmit the information, the system will automatically send it for them at the end of the class. Database The Attendance Tracking System will communicate with the database to perform the followin g options.To allow a user to enter attendance. To allow a user to modify attendance. SI-2. 3: SI-3: To allow a user to query a system to gain statistics concerning individual and class attendance. Mail Message Generator If a student is absent, the database will send the necessary information to this interface and an e-mail message will be sent to the student. 4. 4 Communications Interfaces CI-1: CI-2: CI-3: The security of a user must be consistent through the use of passwords. The Attendance Tracking System will signal the mail message generator when it needs to send an email to the student.The Attendance Tracking System will communicate to the database through a wireless Ethernet system. 5. Other Nonfunctional Requirements 5. 1 Performance Requirements PE-1: PE-2: PE-3: PE-4: PE-5: PE-6: PE-7: The program must be able to be run concurrently by multiple professors. During peak times of usage (9:00 AM to 2:00 PM), the system shall support approximately 20 users. Transmission of roll data shall occur in under 5 seconds using the wireless network card. Acknowledgement of roll received (confirmation) shall be returned within 8 seconds. Queries upon the database shall be performed in less than 5 seconds.Upon start of the roll program, roll information shall be displayed on the instructor’ s Pocket PC within 10 seconds. Email messages to absent students shall be sent within one hour of the conclusion of a class. The program shall support taking roll for class sizes of up to 100 students. With a maximum class size, performance must still conform to all performance requirements. 5. 2 Safety Requirements No safety requirements have been identified. 5. 3 Security Requirements SE-1: SE-2: SE-3: SE-4: An instructor shall permitted to view and edit absence information in the database for only his/her classes.In order to take roll or edit database information, the instructor shall be required to enter a password. This password shall be stored on the instructorâ€⠄¢ s Pocket PC after initial entry in order that it must only be entered once. Passwords shall be stored in an instructor database and verified upon each session of roll or database modification. An instructor shall be allowed to change his/her password only by supplying his/her existing password. The updated password shall be stored in the instructor database and on the instructor’ s Pocket PC. 5. Software Quality Attributes Availability-1: The system shall be available to all instructors through Information Systems during their normal hours of operation. Reliability-1: Reusability-1: Robustness-1: Robustness-2: Updatability-1: Usability-1: 6. Other Requirements Due to the use of a wireless network, reliability of the system at all times is not guaranteed. However, overall reliability of the system and roll information shall be achieved through the process of database manipulation. The system shall be able to be reused for each new semester.If no network connection can be es tablished to receive the roll information, the instructor shall be allowed to enter roll later. If a network connection is lost during roll, the program shall allow the instructor to transmit roll information at a later time. The system shall allow for addition or deletion of instructors, students, and classes while incorporating new semesters. Usability of the system shall be achieved through an online help pages and an introductory training session for all instructors upon installation of the program on their Pocket PCs. 6. 1 Database RequirementsDA-1: DA-2: DA-3: DA-4: The system shall include three databases: student, class, and instructor. The student database shall contain student information including name, email address, and student identification number. The class database shall contain information about classes including class title, department code and course number, meeting times, students enrolled, and absences. The class database shall be grouped by department code and course number. The instructor database shall contain information about instructors including name, email address, password, and classes taught.