Sensorimotor Loss And Hemiplegia Health And Social Care Essay

Sensorimotor Loss And Hemiplegia Health And Social Care Essay Captain Scarlet and Captain Blue were working in the intelligence section of Cloud-base when there was a terrorist attack by the Mysterons. A bomb exploded causing the ceiling to collapse trapping both of them under the rubble. Captain Scarlet escaped with only minor injuries but Captain Blue was struck across the shoulders by masonry and piping, which pinned him down. It took several hours to dig him out and when he has pulled free he was unable to move his arms or legs. When he arrived at the Cloud-base hospital, he complained of his inability to move and of shooting/burning pains in both arms. Neurological examination revealed a left hemiplegia and right hemiparesis with a Babinski sign present bilaterally. Pain sensation was lost from the right shoulder downwards. Bladder, bowel and genital reflexes were also absent. X-rays of the cervico- thoracic region were taken and subsequently he underwent surgery to remove bone fragments and to stabilise the cervical spine. A month later, movement of the right arm and leg had improved. Two months after surgery, movement in the right hand had improved further but there was no voluntary movement on the left. Fasciculation of the left deltoid muscle was found together with spasticity of the left arm and leg, with clonus at the ankle. A Babinski sign remained on the left side. Joint position sense was present on both sides but pain sensation was absent on the medial right aspect of the upper right arm, right side of the thorax, abdomen and whole right lower limb. Despite reassurances from his Colonel that his condition will improve further, Captain Blue feels that he will never physically recover from his injuries. Organisation of spinal cord In its own definition of spinal cord, Oxford medical dictionary states: The portion of the central nervous system enclosed in the vertebral column, consisting of nerve cells and bundles of nerves connecting all parts of the body together(1). Spinal cord is divided into 2 regions: The white matter: It contains the axons of the neurons that make up the descending and ascending tracts responsible for the communication of the spinal cord with the brain. The white matter can be split into the dorsal, the ventral and the lateral funiculous as seen in Figure 1. The White matter contains the following four pathways that are essential for the scenario and that will be further discussed in the next objective. Each tract carries a specific modality (types of sensation) in the brain. The position of each tract in the white matter is seen in Figure 2. Dorsal column medial lemniscus tract (DCML): It is responsible for conscious proprioreception and discriminative touch. It is split into the gracile and the cuneate fasiculi which carry these modalities from the lower and upper limbs respectively. Spinothalamic tract(STT): It is responsible for the pain and temperature sensation. Spinocerebellar tract (SCT): It is responsible for the unconscious proprioception to the cerebellum which controls the co-ordination of movements. The above are ascending pathways i.e. they send information from the spinal cord to the brain. The following is a descending pathway: Corticospinal tract (CST): It is responsible for sending information to the spinal cord for controlling voluntary movements of the lower and upper limbs. Figure 1 Spinal cord transection (2) The Grey matter: It mainly consists of neural cell bodies and glial cells. Ten different layers of grey matter called laminae can be distinguished. it is further divided into 3 or 4 regions (depending on the level of the spinal cord) each containing several laminae as seen in Figure 2: Superficial dorsal horn: It consists of laminae I-II and receives information from nociceptors about pain and temperature from Ac and ÃŽÂ ´ sensory fibers. Deep dorsal horn: It consists of laminae III-VI which receive information for touch and conscious proprioreception from the low threshold mechanoreceptors form IÃŽÂ ² sensory fibers. Lateral horn: This can be found in the spinal levels T1-L2 and is responsible for the autonomic control as it contains cell bodies of autonomic preganglionic fibers. Ventral horn: It consists of laminae VII-IX and contains the cell bodies for ÃŽÂ ±-motor neurons that innervate the muscles, as well as here the muscle afferents terminate. Figure 2 Organisation of spinal cord (3) Organisation of pathways in Spinal cord Each of the four pathways mentioned above will now be described: Dorsal Column Medial Lemnsicus pathway (4): Figure 4 DCML tract (3) The Information from the cuteneous mechanoreceptors travel through IÃŽÂ ² fibers in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and innervate the dorsal column nuclei. The Axons ascend ipsilaterally the spinal cord. They decussate in the medulla and ascend through medial lemniscuses to the ventroposterolateral nucleus of the thalamus. Then they travel through the internal capsule to the primary somatosensory cortex in the postcentral gyrous. Spinothalamic tract (5) Figure 5 STT tract (3) It conveys information such as pain and temperature from nociceptors through C and AÃŽÂ ´ fibers to the laminae I-II of the dorsal horn. The axons decussate in the grey commisure of the spinal cord one or two segments above the point of entry. 2ndary axons ascend in the lateral lemniscus of the spinal cord and innervate the ventroposterolateral nucleus of the thalamus. 3rd order axons travel through the internal capsule to primary somatosensory cortex in the postcentral gyrous. Spinocerebellar tract (6) Figure 6 STT tract (7) It conveys information for unconscious proprioception from the muscle mechanoreceptors and through IÃŽÂ ² fibers in the deep dorsal horn. The axons ascend in the dorsal columns and innervate the Clarkes columns. This pathway does not decussate. The axons enter the cerebellum through the inferior pudencle. Corticospinal tract (8) Figure 7 STT tract (3) It curries information from the primary motor cortex in the precentral gyrous to the ventral horns of the spinal cord and from there through ÃŽÂ ±- motor neurons to the muscles. The axons from the pre-central gyrous pass through the internal capsule and decussate at the spino-medullary junction to form the pyramidal tract. From there they descend in the lateral corticospinal tract to innervate ÃŽÂ ±-motor neurons nuclei in the ventral horn. ÃŽÂ ±-motor neurons travel in the body and innervate the muscles. Explain the symptoms Diagnosis Below are listed and explained the symptoms caused by the spinal injury giving a possible diagnosis at the end. The symptoms of Captain Blue are due to the damage of the spinal cord caused by the vertebrae bone fragments. Symptoms Explanation Initial inability to move and shooting pains in both arms These are due to the spinal shock (9). This causes temporarily loss of function of the whole spinal cord. As a result, there is a loss of ability of voluntary control to all body giving the impression of muscle flaccid paralysis. Also there is loss of sensation and in this case there is a shooting pain in both arms. The spinal shock usually starts to face off in one day and gradually the reflexes, the control of movement and the sensation in the undamaged part are gained back. Babinski sign bilaterally. Clonus in the ankle and spasticity of the left arm and leg The Babinski reflex is a polysynaptic reflex evoked when there is nocturnous stimuli on the sole of the foot. The normal Babinski reflex causes withdrawal of the foot with adduction and flexion of the toes. An abnormal Babinski sign is one that shows abduction and extension of the toes of the foot when the foot is withdrawn. In neonates it is normal to show an abnormal Babinski reflex as their corticospinal tract has not yet matured (10). Clonus is a series of contraction when the muscle is stretched. Spastisity is increased muscle tone. All the above are indicators of an upper motor neuron lesion and indicate a possible damage on the corticospinal tracts of the spinal cord. Fasciculations Fasciculations are spontaneous, involuntary muscle contractions that can be seen below the skin. These are due to spontaneous firing of damaged ÃŽÂ ±-motor neurons. These are caused by the damage on the ventral horn where the ÃŽÂ ±-motor neurons synapse with the descending tracts. Left hemiplegia and right hemiparesis. After two months right hand movements are improved. Hemiplegia is the complete inability of the voluntary movement of the one side of the body whereas hemiparesis is the weakness in movement. As concluded above there is damage in the CST of the spinal cord. This causes ipsilateral loss of movement below the level of lesion. Left hemiplegia indicates that there is a lesion on the left side of the spinal cord as the CST decussates in the medulla. The right hemiparesis is due to the initial spinal shock. Pain sensation lost from the right shoulder downwards The loss of sensation indicates damage of the spinothalamic tract. The loss of sensation is on the right side as the lesion is on the left part of the spinal cord. This is due to the fact that STT decussates in the spinal cord. The level of loss of pain sensation is an indicator of the possible level of lesion. The shoulder region is innervated by the C5 level. Therefore, this is probably the level of injury. Bladder, bowel and genital reflexes were absent Bladder, bowel and genital reflexes are autonomic reflexes controlled by the brain. In the lateral horn of thoracolumbar and sacral levels, autonomic preganglionic fibers originate and innervate the organs. In more detail, parasympathetic activity in men is responsible for arousal whereas sympathetic activity is necessary for ejaculation and orgasm. Autonomic activity in bowel and bladders controls the muscles responsible for defecation and dieresis respectively. A lesion in the spinal cord can damage the pathway and result in incontinence of bladder and impotency for men. Joint position sense was present on both sides but pain sensation was absent on the medial right aspect of the right arm, right thorax, abdomen right lower limb. Information for joint position is ascending to the brain through the DCML tract. This means that this pathway is not damaged. On the other hand as explained above, pain sensation travels in the CTT which is damaged. In Figure 8, there is a body map showing the area affected as far as motor movement is concerned (solid brown area), and the area of impaired sensation. On the right, is the area of damage at the C5 level resulting in the symptoms on the left. Taking everything into concern, all the complications indicate a lesion on the left side on C5 level of the spinal cord due to injury from the bone fragments. The structures damaged are: DCML pathway and STT Part of the ventral horn Figure 8 Captains Blue Symptoms body map and lesion of spinal cord Spinal cord injuries Spinal cord injuries can occur due to trauma, infections, ischemia and other diseases. In this case the trauma was indirectly caused by bone due to vertebrae fracture. There are also direct traumas such as in stab wounds. Damage is firstly caused due to hemorrhaging and compression of the spinal cord. The secondary complications such as hypoxia and ischemia that occur over a longer period can also cause further damage. After the initial physical damage to the spinal cord, apoptosis of the glial cells and demyelination occur. Inflammatory cells infiltrate the spinal cord and contribute to the scaring and the inhibition of the axon growth. The injury may expand to other segments and cause grater complications (syringomyelia). Figure 9 shows a cervical spinal cord following an injury. Figure 9 Spinal cord after injury (11) Figure 10 ASIA categories for spinal cord injuries (12) Spinal cord injuries can be classified with ASIA (American Spinal Injury Association) in Asia A, B, C, D categories. Figure 10, adapted from ASIA official website, shows the characteristics of each category. Treatment Prognosis The treatment for spinal cord injuries is very complex. However, even with the best treatment, regeneration of nerves and complete regaining of functions is unlikely. The treatment mainly concerns the reduction and minimization of the damage and fights the complications caused by the injury (13). The primary line of treatment is to relieve the pressure on the spinal cord and eliminate the cause of the damage. In this case Captain Blue undergoes surgery to remove the bone fragments. The second line of treatment involves the reduction of the inflammatory response responsible for further damage. The prescription of corticosteroids helps with the anti-inflammatory effects, the reduction of the glial scar formation and the CNS cell death. Furthermore, doctors must work against problems caused by the loss of movement such as urinary infection, wasting of muscles or formation of blood clots. As a result, exercises to improve bowel and bladder function and lifestyle tips to reduce the possibility of clot formation are given. Physiotherapy is the route to avoid muscle waste. Occupational therapy is needed for the patient to learn to live with his immobility. A range of non medical specialists such as dieticians, psychologists and social workers are also needed. The prognosis for CNS damage is very poor. Regeneration of the nerves in the CNS is difficult due to: Glial scar formation. Release of inhibitory substances that oppose axon growth and remyelination. However, new techniques such as electrical stimulation of the nerves with electrical devices can be used in the future to gain muscle function. Stem cells are also a promising future. Presently the most helpful and accessible way to overcome the disabilities caused by spinal cord injuries is the wheelchair with electronic devices that can be used for communication, movement and a variety of other daily jobs.

Propolis

Introduction : Propolis is a glue-like resinous material that collected and processed by the bees (honeybees) from various sources of flowers, leaves, and other plants. It is a heterogeneous mixture consist of many compounds which is taken and converted then utilized by bees in sealing their honeycombs holes, smoothing the internal parts of the combs, and providing protection to their residence against invaders. Recent studies which have been conducted on the propolis, showed that the propolis is a mixture of phenolic compounds (phenolic acid), polyphenols , flavonoids , Easters and various types of fatty acids, amino acids, alcohol, steroids, Caffeic acid, CAPE, quercitin , carbohydrates and many other substances that forms the propolis. Its composition may differ due to the difference of the source which is collected from. The differences in their chemical composition may affect the biological activities and may also cause some diversity although the properties are almost similar in all of it. Propolis has an interest according to its properties which make it unique. It might be used in therapeutic aspects such as anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, antiviral and antibacterial activities and also radioprotective properties. Propolis has anti-cancer or anti-tumor factors. It has been reported by many studies which noticed that propolis inhibits cancer cells growth and metastasis by stimulating the apoptosis and the immune system. Apoptosis is the mechanism of destroying and eliminating the Abnormal cells that includes cancer cells. This attribute may prevent the side effects caused by chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are used in the treating cancer but in the same time they damage other organs and may cause other diseases or undesired effects. The only disadvantage of natural anti-cancer is the rate of activity which is faster in chemo and radiotherapy . Also, it has Anti-oxidant activity due to the presence of flavonoids which inhibits the lipid peroxidation and the oxidation of LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and quercetin which is the most potent radical scavenger. Free radical scavengers may prevent the free radicals reactive species from being formed, or remove them before they can harmfully affect the components of the cell. In addition to these properties, it also has antibacterial, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, anti-aggregatory, anti-viral, anti-fungal and anti-bacterial effects that make propolis the focus of attention of many scientists. Cancer (malignant tumor) is an abnormal growth of cells due to either presence of mutation in DNA or inhibiting in the tumor suppressors ( one of the checkpoints on the cell cycle ) which leads to fast growth of cancer cells, invading the organs, and destroying the adjacent cells to get the nutrition. Cancer may occur in any part of the lungs and causes damage to the lung and may lead to death . Lung cancer may be hereditary or acquired by many factors, for example, smoking cigarettes, asbestos and breathing carcinogens chemicals. However, the main causes of other types of cancers are still unknown yet.

Dr. Baba Sahib Ambedkar - 1406 Words

AMBEDKARISM IS NONE OTHER THAN MODERNISM R. Kumara Swamy Asst. Prof. of English K L University Vaddeswaram Guntur Andhra Pradesh, India ABSTRACT:: Dr. Baba Sahib Ambedkar was one to raise his voice for Dalit cause who brought out a social revolution through Dalit literature after 1960s and through the establishment of a social organization based on his principles. The Maher movement of Maharastra has been seen as all India Movement under the leadership of B.R. Ambedkar. Ambedkarism protested against the established unjust social order. It exposes the sufferings, frustration and torture imposed on them and their revolt against this inhuman treatment called modernism. Ambedkar, as a modernist with western thought emerged as a leader of the oppressed communities. As he was highly educated, he tried to transform the Indian Hindu society. He put all his efforts to eradicate the evils of caste system and untouchablity of Indian society. He rose his voice for the cause of the down-trodden, and degraded people of the society. His vast contribution for the up gradation of the Dalits of India is uncalculated and immeasurable. Without Ambedkar one cannot imagine the Indian constitution. He hoped for a casteless modern society which treats all people in equal manner, irrespective of caste and creed, race and religion. The down-trodden people who lived away from the main villages suffered for generations from the social evils of caste system. He put forward all his modernShow MoreRelatedExploitation of Teenagers as Reflected in Mulk Raj Anand’s Untouchable and Coolie4079 Words   |  17 Pageswhich we will have to adjust itself. He believes that there are only two communities 1.Abuser and 2. Abused people. Then Came Lenin Vladimir, a Russian  Marxist  revolutionary and then Stalin came with his own revolutionary thoughts. In India, Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar, came into the form of semi-God figure, worshipped by the down-trodden people and untouchables of India. He enriched the lives of exploiting caste by awareness, revolution and by granted them the basic human rights. Gandhiji also completely

Political Parties During The Civil War - 2015 Words

Political parties play an important role on how the government makes decisions. In American history there are usually two major political parties at one time. These parties can be split up into two groups of beliefs for a party, Conservative and Liberal. The first form of political parties was formed during the refining of the constitution from the Articles of Confederation. These two parties are the Federalists and the anti-federalists. The next political party is the Democratic republicans who appeared during the later time of the time of the Federalists and Anti-Federalists. The final appearance of different political parties happened during the Antebellum period before the Civil War. Political parties are a major part of American history because depending on the views and the party holding congress and the presidency it can affect what changes and how much is done during that time. The first major political party is the Federalists party. The Federalist party was one of the first major political parties. The Federalists party consist of many of the people who supported the stronger central government such as James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay. The major conflicting party of this time is the Anti-Federalist. The Major conflict of this time is was the U.S Constitution. The Federalist had the Major advantage of being well funded and have the most information being sent out to the public. As it is said on U.S.history.org, â€Å"The Federalists had more than anShow MoreRelatedThe Political Issues That Dominatedu.s Politics847 Words   |  4 PagesThe political issues that dominated U.S politics in the 1850’s was the Compromise of 1850, The Fugitive Slave Act, and popular sovereignty, dominated U.S politics. Conflicts between southern states and northern states affected U.S society because of equality, race, class, and unity between the states. In the 1850’s political issues occurred during the civil war to avoid the conflicts between slavery and the north. For instance, in the textbook, â€Å"The Americans† by Holt Dougal, states that, â€Å"To satisfyRead MoreCivil War as the Second American Revolution Essay965 Words   |  4 PagesThe Civil War could easily be seen as the second American Revolution considering it brought about significant change in history in the political, social, and economic aspects. Prior to the civil war, there had been a policy of slavery in the South which was a main cause of the conflict between the Union and the Confederacy. In the post-war period, slavery had been abolished which brought about much change in not only the social but economic aspect as well. There are many points from which the CivilRead MoreThe Outbreak of the Spanish Civil War Essay1619 Words   |  7 PagesThe Outbreak of the Spanish Civil War To this day the Spanish Civil War is still remembered as the single most pivotal moment in the history of Spanish politics. The only way of understanding how 600,000 Spaniards were killed between 1936 and 1939 is to ask ourselves why the civil war broke out in Spain in 1936. There were a number of reasons which led to the civil war in Spain. The main and most significant being the increased political polarization between theRead MoreA War Does Not Require Weapons1567 Words   |  7 Pages4C 7/July 2015 A War does not Require Weapons In between the timeline of World War One and World War Two, political leaders, states, and nations were fighting against each other with and without the usage of weapons. The ideology of great philosophers, and raising leaders, such as: Herbert Spencer, Leon Trotsky, Joseph Stalin, Great Britain, and Russia brought civil wars and battles during the small timeframe between world wars. Before we go into depth on the one 30-year war, we begin with theRead MoreThe Civil War Was Fought Over African American Freedom1331 Words   |  6 Pagesthe civil war. Till this day there has not been a straightforward answer, but many people still have different views and beliefs on what caused it. Many people believe that political issues or even taxation was the cause of the civil war. However, it was really over slavery. This essay will go over the civil war and explain why slavery caused the southerners and northerners to fight in the civil war. To what extent was the Civil War fought over African American freedom ? What were political issuesRead MoreEffects Of The Civil War On Nepal1357 Words   |  6 PagesEffects of the Civil War on Nepal Nepal is considered one of the poorest countries in the world. It suffers in many aspects due to its immense state of poverty and political violence. The civil war in Nepal, stimulated by the Communist Party against the Nepalese State, stretched over the course of 10 years lasting from 1996 to 2006. This war, also known as the â€Å"Peoples War†, was launched because the Communist Party believed that there was an insufficiency in ensuring freedom, justice and welfareRead MoreThe Second American Revolution891 Words   |  4 PagesThe Second American Revolution Thesis Statement â€Å"The Civil War may also be termed as the second American Revolution in terms of the political, social and economic changes that occurred during the war† Introduction American Civil War was fought between 1861 and 1865. The war began because President Abraham Lincoln, elected in 1860, was very persistent on preserving the Union, which was threatened by the issue of slavery. The North was growing rapidly in wealth and population, and it was clear toRead MoreDemocracy And Liberal Democracy827 Words   |  4 PagesDemocracy is a political system in which the power belongs to the people by which majority rules. The source indicates that freedom of choice is an essential component to a liberal democracy as it gives the power to the people by having multiple political ideologies to choose from and elect as their government. When there is competition between multiple parties, each party has a critical opposition that can hold each party accountable and restrict their power within government. This gives the powerRead MoreThe Second American Revolution901 Words   |  4 PagesThe Second American Revolution Thesis Statement â€Å"The Civil War may also be termed as the second American Revolution in terms of the political, social and economic changes that occurred during the war† Introduction American Civil War was fought between 1861 and 1865. The war began because President Abraham Lincoln, elected in 1860, was very persistent on preserving the Union, which was threatened by the issue of slavery. The North was growing rapidly in wealth and population, and it was clearRead MorePolitical Causes of the Civil War1130 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Americas 1 10/25/13 Pd. 1B â€Å"The Civil War in the Unites States was caused by Political Disagreements.† To what extent do you agree with this statement? In modern day politics, it seems that legal agreements cannot be made on any new policies or beliefs. Similarly in the 1800s pre- Civil War era the political situation was constantly changing around the belief of slavery and, in theory, was a leading cause of the Civil War itself. The political issues that formed tension between the North

Essay on Effects of the Great Depression - 1418 Words

The Effects of the Great Depression The Great Depression was a horrible event that took place almost 100 years ago. It was a time in our society when people had no money and no food. Everyone was losing their jobs because the companies couldn’t afford to pay them and stay in business at the same time. After the Stock Market crashed and the economy went downhill, a lot of changes were made within the government to make sure that nothing like this would ever happen again. This period in time was a sad period, but there were a lot of good things that happened and took place because of it. In order to really understand all the effects that happened after the Great Depression, you truly needed to live during the time period, but we can’t do†¦show more content†¦As their lives were filled with sadness and no hope, they would soon learn that all of that was about to change for them. As the 1932 Presidential elections were coming up, the citizens had to choose the rig ht person to lead them out of the Great Depression. In November of 1932, the United States held a Presidential Election that was crucial to America. The voting was a one sided outcome, as Franklin D. Roosevelt won the election by a landslide over his opponent Herbert Hoover. In his acceptance speech in 1932 when he was a Democratic Party nominee for running president, he made a promise to the citizens of America that there would be a â€Å"new deal for the American people.† He was determined to keep his promise to the citizens of America, that a new deal was coming. He would later keep that promise and would eventually change the economy for the better. Roosevelt’s â€Å"New Deal Programs† were based on helping the economic problems in several different ways. The programs that he designed were to help; â€Å"federal assistance for people who had lost their jobs, houses, savings, and livelihoods†, â€Å"job creation for the unemployed through massive pub lic works projects†, â€Å"agricultural assistance for troubled farmers†, â€Å"manufacturing assistance for troubled industries†, â€Å"stricter banking regulations to prevent bank failures†, â€Å"creation of the FDIC to protect bank customer’s deposits†Show MoreRelatedThe Great Depression And Its Effects1166 Words   |  5 Pages The Great Depression The Great Depression is one of the single most important events in the financial history of the United States and the world; the effects of and leading to the Great Depression lasted for several years (Shindo). The great depression was a very difficult time in the time that it occurred. It hit people hard and left an everlasting memory (Shindo.) It would lead to a lot of devastating events better all over would feel the affect of this crisis. It was a very unexpected and suddenRead MoreThe Great Depression And Its Effects1011 Words   |  5 Pages The Great Depression was a ten year, economic downward spiral in the U.S that spanned from 1929- 1939. The cause of the Great Depression was the fault of several contributing factors. First was the stock market crash that occurred on black Tuesday of October 1929. This was the major cause because stock holders lost more than 40 billion dollars, and although it regained some of its losses, by end of 1930 truly entered the Great depression. Stock prices reached a permanent plateau. 2 out of everyRead MoreThe Effect Of The Great Depression Essay1500 Words   |  6 PagesThere is much debate as to what caused the Great Depression. There was certainly the short-term trigger of the Stock Market Crash of 1929, but there are also long-term causes that manifested itself during the 1920’s. Whether it is the shift from coal to electricity that negatively affected those invested with the old technology, or a shift more to trucks and cars to transport goods instead of railroads, or perhaps that farmers were losing their farms because over over-investment during the lateRead MoreEffects Of The Great Depression1329 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish 8 3/12/2015 The Effects of the Great Depression The Great Depression, the worst economic recession in US history. In October 1929 the U.S. stock market crashed. This event is commonly referred to as the beginning of the Depression. The stock market crashed in New York causing the rest of America to fall. It was not just one factor, but a combination of domestic and worldwide conditions that led to the Great Depression. There are many theories of what caused the Great Depression, however, they areRead MoreThe Great Depression And Its Effects2007 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"My parents survived the Great Depression and brought me up to live within my means, save some for tomorrow, share and don t be greedy, work hard for the necessities in life knowing that money does not make you better or more important than anyone else. So, extravagance has been bred out of my DNA.† This quote from a child who was born and raised during the Great Depression is telling us something that used to be true to nearly everybody and is not as true as it should be today. This is an ideaRead MoreThe Effects Of The Great Depression4304 Words   |  18 PagesPaper 2: The effects of the Great Depression By: Christa Dorvil Paper 2: The effects of the Great Depression By: Christa Dorvil Modern World History Instructed by Dr. Stephanie Laffer Miami International University of Art and Design Abstract Never had the flaws of capitalism been so evident or as devastating as during the decade that followed the outbreak of the Great Depression in 1929. All across the Euro-American heartland of capitalist world, this vaunted economy systemRead MoreThe Effect Of The Great Depression1278 Words   |  6 Pagesdebated many times. Welfare has good and bad aspects to it. The welfare system came about when the stock market crashed in October of 1929. The stock market crashing had a huge effect on the economy. Banks started to fail, businesses closed, and thus millions of people lost their jobs. The effect of the Great Depression was crucial. It was particularly hard on the children. President Franklin Roosevelt focused on two topics. One was the most important to him; it was to create jobs for the millionsRead MoreThe Great Depression Effects On America1351 Words   |  6 PagesThe Great Depression had a profound effect on the generation that lived through it, with many people struggling j ust to get by, and the crisis lasted for years. An entire decade was shaped by this event and so were its people. Because of the effects of the Great Depression, essentially everyone had to change their lifestyle and their daily routines. Because of these tough times, the American outlook on life was grim, the Great Depression lasted for over a decade and no one knew when it was goingRead MoreGlobal Effects Of The Great Depression Essay1099 Words   |  5 PagesGrace Young Dr. John R. Dabrowski American History II, AMH-2020-H01 7 December 2016 Global Effects of the Great Depression When the American stock market crashed on the infamous Black Tuesday in October 1929, the resulting circumstances were felt worldwide. This crisis resulted in a devastating economic collapse. The ensuing Great Depression was in fact a global event. The world was not immediately engulfed by this wave of economic decline. The timing of economic events varied greatly among nationsRead MoreThe Effect of the Great Depression Worldwide765 Words   |  3 PagesThe Great Depression was a major economic disaster which left the people of the world shocked. Many countries were already left in a bad position due to the effect of World War I. Countries that bought and sold on the international market were affected. The United Kingdom, France, and Germany were just a few of the affected countries that had a difficult time getting their country back to great economic shape. The United Kingdom finished World War I a few years prior to the Great Depression, and

Software Testing in Safety Critical Systems Free Essays

string(252) " complete life cycle of safety-related systems from planning to decommissioning and refers to all aspects related to the use and requirements for electrical / electronic / programmable electronic systems \(E / E / PEE\) for separately functions \[4\]\." Abstract Today, many safety-critical applications are controlled by computer software. Therefore effective testing tools are required to provide a high degree of safety and to reduce severe failures too minimum. The paper examines existing regulating standards in safety-critical systems. We will write a custom essay sample on Software Testing in Safety Critical Systems or any similar topic only for you Order Now By comparing different software testing methods the requirements and challenges in safety-critical software testing are being evaluated. The QUICKIES standard serves as the mall regulatory framework for all separately systems and provides the basis for the creation of application- and Interdependently tankards. Moreover it defines certain safety integrity levels depending on the field of application and recommends testing methods according to these levels. In model- based safety testing a usage model with restricted space state domain is used to generate representative test cases. Statistical testing is a mathematical approach that uses a high number of test cases to reach a significant result. The main challenge of all safety-related testing methods Is to reduce testing time and complexity without distorting the significance of the test. These can for example be transportation systems, power plants, and medical applications. As people’s lives depend on the correct function of such control systems and their software, thorough testing is required before they can be admitted to operation. There are many different software testing methods. Most of them only analyze the probability of a failure but do not value its severity. However, in safety-critical systems a failure that has severe consequences, even if it is extremely rare, can not be accepted. Therefore testing in this field has to be adopted accordingly. The purpose of this paper is to find and compare the latest methods for safety-critical footwear testing and to identify the most common industry standard in this field. Moreover the requirements and challenges in safety-critical software testing will be elaborated. At the beginning the paper will provide definitions that are required for the understanding of the subsequent chapters. After that, an introduction to the JUICE 508 safety standard, which serves as a basis for most industry-specific standards, is given. The chapter â€Å"Testing Methods† will address some of the latest safety-related software testing methods in detail. 5 Definitions 2 Definitions 2. 1 Reliability and Safety In safety critical systems both, reliability and safety are required to achieve the goals of dependability. However, reliability and safety are two different attributes of dependability. The reliability, R(t) , of a system is a function of time. It is defined as the conditional probability that the system will perform its intended function in a defined way over a given time period and under certain specified and assumed conditions. The most used parameter to characterize reliability is the Mean Time To Failure (MATT). The safety, S(t), of a system is defined as the probability that a system ill either perform its functions correctly or will discontinue its functions in a way that does not interrupt the operation of other systems or Jeopardize the safety of any people associated with the system [1]. Based on these definitions, in reliability testing all failures are weighted equally, whereas in safety testing the failures are weighted according to their severity. Therefore, a reliable system may be quite unsafe and a safe system may be very unreliable. 2. 2 Safety-critical System States very complex to generate. As many states are unreachable or very difficult to reach hey can be reduced to a relatively small number of representative system states. These states are grouped in three subsets: Normal State Subset (NUNS), Fail-Safe State subset (FPS) and Risky state subset (IRS). Their relationships are: s=Unusualness; 6 Their inter-dependability is described as a Markova chain (see figure 1) [2]. Figure 1 : Three-state Markova Model for Safety-critical Systems(Source: 2. Markova Chain Usage Model The Markova chain usage model describes the possible usage of a software based on a predicted environment. It can be used to generate statistical test cases and to estimate the software reliability. In an Markova model the transition from operation I to operation J can be denoted by an ordered pair . Let be the transition probability from operation I to operation J, with and EX=I .. N p(is)=1, where n is the number of operations. The transitions and transition probabilities can be represented in the form of a matrix [3]. Each specific usage of the program corresponds to a path X=(XI, XX,†¦ Xi) in the Markova chain where Xi corresponds to the I-the operation. P(Xi, X]) determines the next executed operation J after execution of operation I. Since the operations are random rabbles, each path X=(XI, XX,†¦ ) forms a stochastic process. For a particular path x=(ox, XSL ,†¦ ), the corresponding path execution probability is [3]: 7 pox pop , x 3 Standards There exist both national and international standards and guidelines at different depths and classifications which define requirements for safety-related technologies. Yester and provides the basis for the creation of application- and underspecified standards. It includes more than 500 pages of normative and informative specifications and proposals. Nowadays most safety-related standards are based on he JUICE 508 in combination with the previously applicable requirements [4]. The JUICE 508 defines so called Safety Integrity Levels (Sills) wh ich serve as a measure for the safety requirements on a certain system. The following table shows the different SILLS as well as the corresponding probability of failure and application examples. Probability of Failure One Failure in x Years Consequences Application Example 10-8 110000 years Potential for fatalities in the community Nuclear power plant control 2 10_7 1 1100 years Potential for multiple on-site fatalities Hazardous area laser curtain sensor 1100 years Potential for major on-site injuries and fatalities Hazardous liquid flow meter 10-5 110 years Potential for minor on-site injuries Thermal meter Table 1 : Safety Integrity Levels (Source: 8 Standards The 'EC 61 508 is divided into seven parts. Parts one through four are normative and are used as a guide. The last three parts, are informative and include practical examples which should help to simplify the application of the standard. The ‘CE 61 508 describes the complete life cycle of safety-related systems from planning to decommissioning and refers to all aspects related to the use and requirements for electrical / electronic / programmable electronic systems (E / E / PEE) for separately functions [4]. You read "Software Testing in Safety Critical Systems" in category "Papers" According to the focus of this paper only the parts relating to software testing are mentioned in the following paragraph. Figure 2 shows the verification and validation process in software development according to the JUICE 508 standard. The E/E/PEE system safety requirements are applied both on the system architecture and the software specifications. Every level in the system architecture verifies if it meets the requirements of the next higher layer (I. E. Coding fulfills module design requirements, module design fulfills software yester design requirements etc. ). Moreover each system architecture layer is tested by a specific test. As soon as the test circuit is closed successfully the software can be validated. The standard also recommends and rates certain test methods according to the required SILL. In order to meet the requirements of the ‘CE standard a series. Test methods comprised in the ‘CE 61 508 are categorized as follows [6]: Failure analysis (I. E. Cause consequence programs) Dynamic analysis and testing (I. E. Test case execution from model-based test case generation) Functional and black box testing (I. . Equivalence classes and input partition testing, including boundary value analysis) Performance testing (I. E. Response timings and memory constraints) Static analysis (I. E. Static analysis of run time error behavior) 9 Figure 2: ‘CE 61 508-3 Verification and Validation Process(Source: 10 Testing Methods 4 Testing Methods There are many different software testing methods. A detailed introduction to all different methods would be far beyond the scope of this paper. Therefore the author will only mention two methods he deems most relevant in the field of safety-related software testing. Finally both methods are compared and their possible application areas are evaluated. 4. 1 Model-based Safety Testing In model-based testing explicit behavior models that encode the intended behavior of a system and its environment are used. These models generate pairs of inputs and outputs. The output of such a model represents the expected output of the system under test (SOT). Mineral model-based testing method. The system safety-related behavior is defined in the safety requirements specification. Test cases are derived from a safety model that is extracted from the SHUT and from formal safety requirements. This model encodes the intended behavior and maps each possible input to the corresponding output. Safety test selection criteria relate to the functional safety of the safety- critical system, to the structure of the model (state coverage, transition coverage), and also to a well defined set of system faults. Safety test case specifications are used to formalize the safety test selection criteria and render them operational. For the given safety model and the safety test case specification, an automatic safety test case generator and optimizer generates the safety test case suite. Finally, the concreted input part of a test case is submitted to the SHUT and the SOT’s output is recorded. The concentration of the input part of a test case is performed by a safety test engine. Besides executing the safety case, it can also compare the output of the SHUT with the expected output as provided by the safety test case [6]. 1 Figure 3: Model-based Safety Testing according Gang You et al. (Source: Test Case Generation One of the most commonly tools for test case generation are model checking techniques. The main purpose of model checking is to verify a formal safety property (given as a logic formula) on a system model. In test case generation, model checking is used in order to find violati ons of certain formal safety properties. Safety models of safety-critical software systems may have a huge number of states. Therefore the greatest challenge when using a model checker is to cope with the state space explosion. As a countermeasure, Gang You et al. ‘s approach applies the safety model, which is derived from SHUT and certain safety requirements. The model 12 limits the number of states by splitting them into three subsets (NUNS, FPS, IRS) containing only representative states (see 2. X). Moreover the safety model encodes he intended behavior, and from its structure, safety test cases can be derived. It thereby restricts the possible inputs into the SHUT and the set of possible separately behaviors of the SOT. Hence, to reduce the amount of testing and guarantee the quality of testing the model checker will search those most frequently entered states and generate the corresponding safety test cases without searching the whole state spaces. The selection of states is based on the safety requirements (Sills). Generally speaking, the safety model can be seen as a test selection criterion generate safety-related test cases. Figure 4 shows the corresponding flow chart. 1 . The system safety model in the form of a finite state machine (FSML) is transformed into the input language of the model checker tool (SPIN) 2. Each test requirement of a given safety criterion is formulated as a temporal logic expression (LET). 3. Based on the Markova model of a system, the state space is divided into three subsets. 4. In term of these subsets, the negation of each expression of the formula is verified by the model checker. If there is an execution path in the model that does not satisfy the negated formula then it is presented by the model checker as a counter-example. This path becomes a test sequence that satisfies the original test requirement. 5. The inputs and outputs that form the executable test case are extracted from the counter-example or are derived by a corresponding guided simulation of the model. 13 Figure 4: Test Case Generation Framework according Gang You et al. (Source: 4. 2 Statistical Testing As already mentioned in 2. 1 reliability is defined as the conditional probability that the system will perform its intended function. This chapter will link the reliability of a system with the Markova usage model (see 2. 3). Let f: be a function that shows the failure probability of a software. The argument D represents the possible usage set of the software. Each element AXED is a usage path from quo (initial operation) to send (final operation) The relation between software reliability R and failure probability F is: R=l -F (2). In the assumed model the failure behavior of the software only depends on its usage path X and not on the input. This means that the input domain corresponding to the used X is homogeneous. The simplest way of obtaining unbiased reliability estimation of the software is to select N test paths XSL, XX, †¦ , CNN according to the usage model. The exult of the function f(Xi) is 1 if the path fails and O otherwise. Then the arithmetic 14 mean of f(Xi) is an unbiased estimate PEP(f(X)), which is the mathematical expectation of the software failure probability under transition matrix P. Hence, the software reliability can be expressed as R=l -PEP(f(X)) [3]. Critical operations are infrequently executed in real applications. This generates the problem that development organizations have to spend too much time when performing adequate statistical testing. Although one can overcome these drawbacks by increasing the execution probabilities of critical operations during statistical entire software under test. Yang Going et al. 3] found a possible approach to overcome this problem: Importance Sampling (IS) Based Safety-critical Software Statistical Testing Acceleration. IS Based Safety-critical Software Statistical Testing Acceleration This chapter presents the Is-based software statistical testing acceleration method. It ensures that the critical operations tested adequately by adjusting the transitio n probabilities in the matrix of the usage model, and at the same time, produces the unbiased reliability of the software under test. The IS technique reduces simulation run times hen estimating the probabilities of rare events by Monte Carlo simulations [3]. For complex software with a large model matrix, the simulation procedure is often extremely time consuming. To overcome this problem, Yang Going et al. ‘s approach adopts a simulated annealing algorithm to calculate the optimal matrix Q. This widely used optimization method employs stochastic techniques to avoid being trapped in local optimal solution. The 16 exact mathematical explanation of this algorithm is complex and would be out of the scope of this paper. [3] 4. 3 Method Comparison Although model-based and statistical testing follow completely different approaches, the challenges are very similar. Both methods have to limit the extent and complexity of testing. Model-based testing reduces the number of test cases by restricting the state space domain of the Markova chain usage model. Whereas statistical testing reduces the number by changing the relation between critical and normal test cases with help off likelihood ratio. 5 Conclusion Today an increasing number of safety-critical applications are controlled by computer software. Therefore effective testing tools are required to provide a high degree of safety and to reduce severe failures to a minimum. The paper focused on How to cite Software Testing in Safety Critical Systems, Papers

Realistic Educational Curriculum Essay Sample free essay sample

This field survey shows the dynamic ability of a course of study to different alterations. Field survey 4 is all about different course of study and appraisal being utilized to advance students’ advancement. Field survey 4 is a manner on how to hold a deep apprehension in different course of study being tested. Having a first twelvemonth in K-12 plan this field survey open up the positive results in acquiring this course of study to be globally competitory. The Field Study StudentEdnalyn Guinto Caguimbal was born on April 18. 1993 with my parents Edgardo Austria Caguimbal and Celina Guinto Caguimbal. I‘m 2nd firstborn from five siblings. I graduated my in Tagkawayan Central Elementary School and I finished my secondary old ages at Novaliches High School. I had my first twelvemonth college at Southern Luzon State University- Judge Guillermo Eleazar with Bachelor in Secondary Education Major in English. Due to unexpected events of my life I transferred here at Westmead International School and shifted in Science major. I believe in the quotation mark â€Å"Who dares to learn must neer discontinue to larn. † — John Cotton Dana. â€Å"A instructor affects infinity ; he can neer state where his influence Michigans. † — Henry Brooks Adams. Bing a instructor is non portion of my program before. I one time dream to be a successful attorney. vocalist and terpsichoreans. Typical dreams being encountered of immature one time. Thingss turned upside down when I eventually have the biggest spring in my pupil life college. I merely thought of why non seek instruction? If I don’t experience my topographic point here so I will switch. Having my first twelvemonth made me recognize that even before I am already learning. Unaware of the small things that I commit before I realized that learning doesn’t need me. I need it. I want to animate others non by stating my griefs and failures but on how they will acquire better hereafter through instruction. Statement of the PurposeThis paper entails different course of study attacks being utilised as of now in Dagatan National High School. This digest was prepared and developed to supply and portion experiences for those who will undergo the same projects. Through the experiences written. some latest inventions and schemes in learning were shared. Their pertinence will change depending on whatever and whenever it suited to the schoolroom state of affairs. Some schoolroom jobs were besides mentioned. Whether they are terrible or non. they are someway enriching experiences that will steer and learn future wise mans in executing learning enterprises. In this paper readers can see and visualise what I undergo and experienced during my observation in DNHS. Collaborating School Dagatan National High School is a public school located in TAYSAN. BATANGAS. VissionDagatan National Highschool. as a centre of model acquisition for secondary pupils in the division of Batangas headed by advanced and dynamic chief supported by high qualified. effectual. and God- fearing instructors and concerned interest holders who manus in manus in supplying a contributing school environment and the development of the value oriented. measure up alumnuss. Mission Dagatan National High School provides environment which aid pupils attain life’s end on Earth which lead them to a bright hereafter and a happy ageless life. Momentous Experiences and PenetrationsTuesday forenoon I prepared myself cognizing that this is the twenty-four hours of our first observation In Dagatan NHS. I rushed everything ; I have to go an hr merely to make our meeting topographic point. In my surprise cipher non even one of them delaies for me. I remembered that if they can’t wait for they can take the drive and go forth me behind. Imagine the feeling that you are in a jeepney traveling to a topographic point new and no 1 to speak. You can’t portion the exhilaration because you are all by yourself. I texted my spouse Jael. I ask her for the room that we will detect. She replied and told me to travel for chief first. I was so nervous. Afraid of being punished because for the first twenty-four hours of our observation I was late. In my surprise everybody is so hospitable. They teach me and steer to the subdivision that designated for us. At last I saw Jael sitting beside the teacher’s tabular array. The fe eling of exhilaration haste to my venas. As I enter the schoolroom and I introduced myself to the instructor and pupils I am so glad because they greet me as good â€Å"Good Morning Tr. Ednalyn. Mabuhay! † I can’t explicate the feeling that I’m still a pupil but these students treat me as a instructor already. I think the first things I encountered made an impact on my observation. The first topic of the pupil is mathematics. I remembered my mathematics when I was 2nd twelvemonth as drilling topic. But I was incorrectly. Mrs. Javier has well-modulated voice and together with her humor the category is so alive and everybody participates. She is a instructor of acquisition by making virtuousness. She said that everyone or anybody that goes in forepart and reply in the chalkboard learns. The chalkboard has a thaumaturgy that works for everyone. The 2nd topic that we observed is the class 7. Everyone is still get bying with the new course of study even the instructors. The treatment went so smooth for the pupils. Provided with all of the activities. pupils enjoys take parting while larning. We wait for our fellow schoolmates for their agendas. We spend our linger clip under a nipa hut in forepart the library of the school. Once once more all of us are really flattered because it was break clip and most of the pupils that pass recognize us with smiling in their faces. Surely the money and the long travel are worth it. We entered at their library. their librarian is really suiting. She even entertained us while waiting for the principal. As we pass our agenda I got a little nervous because the individual I thought to be the principal who entertained me earlier was the counsel counsellor. So it means that this is the first meeting that I will hold. We left the school with smilings in our faces stating that this is merely the start and delay for our return dagatan. The twenty-four hours two of our observation we observed categories from class 7. In Pre-algebra this term they covered Variables. Expression. Integers. Factors. Advocates. Rational Numbers. Probability and Percent. Students are given day-to-day prep assignments Monday through Wednesday. Some in category clip is spent traveling over homework inquiries but pupils are expected to self-correct their prep assignments and convey up inquiries for treatment in category clip. Every Thursday pupils are given clip to reexamine for their Friday quiz. For those pupils who feel they have mastered the stuff I distribute a POW on Thursdays that can be submitted for excess recognition on Fridays. : Classroom agenda should non be a portion of appraisal – this information is needed by pupil and household at the start of their category. We have our break clip before continuing in the following category that we are traveling to observed. I have this peculiar observation on subdivision aguila. They are holding they filipino capable and some of them are practising for the close competition on â€Å"Buwan ng Wika† . Everyone is really supportive to their campaigner to win for their competition. The Filipino instructor told us that she was shocked because she doesn’t expect us. Her category is holding their pattern and utilizing their clip so that they can see the betterment of their campaigners. But after some clip she asks her co-trainer to complete the pattern because she will hold a short treatment so that we can detect something from her category. I and Jael were so glad because of the fight showed by the instructor. Teachers can learn in any state of affairs that her responsibilities call her. By the terminal of the category we planned to remain in the same room because harmonizing to the pupils there will be new subdivision that will utilize the schoolroom for the first topic. Jael and I choose to remain so that we can detect new category. In our surprise as the instructor entered the room. we told her of we can detect her category but she turned us down. She told us that this category so difficult to manage that she doesn’t want us to see her category. Jael and I don’t argue with her anymore. We thanked her and told her that we will merely look for another schoolroom. As we search for another category to observed we were speaking on the sudden alteration in our temper. First we were so amaze on how the Filipinoteacher manages to learn her pupils even in s short period of clip. and so now we were so defeated because it seems that she doesn’t want us to see the existent scene of a category. The battles on how you are traveling to manage a category with slow larning ratio. We manage to happen new category in 2nd twelvemonth. As they say if the door closed searched for the other door. Such approvals that we were out casted from the category. we find a biological science category. Their instructor is really lively. She asked every pupil to convey different types of roots. I think that this instructor knows what she is making. She doesn’t use any books merely different type of roots merely and she managed to learn her pupil with these resources. On our 3rd twenty-four hours I thought that we will hold the same agenda. I was every bit early as 6 and I found out that we will run into by 7:30 strange. As we reached Dagatan Sarah told us that the chief already leaves the locality. She left for a meeting. We asked every instructors that if we can hold the agendas from them. We were really hurt because a instructor said that â€Å" kaya ayaw KOs nanogram may nagoobsereve eh. they disturb the classes† really bosom breakage seen for a pupil like us. It is non our mistake. we came to school in the designate clip but unluckily the principal is non about. We were really grateful that one from the 3rd twelvemonth teacher told us to go forth our agenda from the guard and she will merely gave us 1 hr for our attempt in traveling to their school. We leave the school with small letdowns in our Black Marias. But for me I am really fed up imagine this is the first clip that I came really early so we are non holding our treatment. But i t is all right everything happens with a intent. On the 4th twenty-four hours we observed categories from 3rd twelvemonth. Our first category is in Mahogany. Their instructor is Ms. agito. She follows her lesson program. She has a sweet voice but being true to you I was so sleepy because her topic is chemical science and it was calculation of multitudes of solution and per centum. Strange but her pupils participates and replies all the inquiries. Her scheme is really effectual. During their rating most of her pupils got high tonss. I besides managed to take some quotation marks from her category. No chemical science book is of all time complete because cognition grows continuously. Science is incorrect it neer solves a job without doing it. Education is a hoarded wealth non for one but for everyone. Science of today is engineering of tomorrow. A lazy chemist means a tidy research lab. The following category is mathematics and the instructor is Dionisia Alcantara their treatment is all about complimentary angle. In her category she has stating excessively: merely mathematics and mathematical logic can state small as physicist means to state. There is a really good stating that if trigons invented a God they would do him three sided. There is no royal route when going the journey of geometry. The following category is from Filipino topic. subdivision lauan. Their treatment is about â€Å"pagkabata† We found the instructor Mrs. Christine Espiritu as rigorous instructor. But we are incorrect until she approached us shared things while she was as a field perceiver like us. In our 4th twenty-four hours we observed categories from 4th twelvemonth. We observed the category of Sir Rex Ramos. They are heading in their computing machine research lab. Harmonizing to him they are traveling to hold their end product. They have good installation to use. Their research lab is non merely paraphernalia. He entertained all of our inquiries. There is besides a amusing inquiry from me. I ask for a UBD course of study which is an attack merely. I wasn’t offended I was so glad to be educated from their differences. We planned on what we are traveling to give for the principal as a item of grasp. We planned to give it by the twenty-four hours that we are traveling to hold our interview on class 7 instructors.On our last twenty-four hours stating good pass to the school that opened our bosom on better apprehension in our way that we will take is really bosom breakage. Last expression for the school that hoarded wealth us non merely any observer but cares as our household. I am really certain to lose the pupils that I used to detect. Particularly the 2nd twelvemonth category of rose. They are the first pupils I observed and respected me as a instructor even if I am still a pupil like them. I will lose the Nipa hut that is ever at that place to give us some caducous if we wait for everyone to go forth their category. We will lose the canteen that helps us be home in their school. The of all time so delightful lomi in their school which marks our gustatory sensations buds.We will lose the full school of Dagatan National High School. Westmead International SchoolGulod Labac. Batangas CityCollege of Teacher Education July 26. 2012 Mrs. Cecilia AlcantaraPrincipalDagatan National High School Dame: Greetings! My Third Year Education pupils are presently taking their Degree fahrenheit 3 ( Technology in the Learning Environment ) and FS 4 ( Researching the Curriculum ) . FS 3 requires them to carry on schoolroom observations to enrich the students’ experiences in developing and using appropriate engineering to ease acquisition. It shall supply exposure and hands-on chances in the usage of instructional stuffs in learning. Furthermore. FS 4 entails hands- on experiences in using and verifying the cognition gained on course of study development through exposure to the bing course of study. It shall besides supply penetrations to pupils on how the course of study can be efficaciously implemented in a schoolroom scene. In connexion with this. I would wish them to be exposed to assorted schoolroom scenes and application of instructional stuffs. With this aim in head. I seek for your permission to let them observe categories in your establishment and do the necessary activities that will r un into the subjects’ aims. The activities are as follows: FS 3 ( Technology in the Learning Environment )1. Detect a category on its regular agenda. Note down the assorted learning AIDSs that are utilized in the teaching-learning procedure. 2. Prepare instructional stuffs ( flash cards. word cards. images. cut-outs. transparences and skid presentation ) that are appropriate to the acquisition content. 3. Try out the instructional materials/ presentation to the group of scholars 4. Plan a bulletin board show. FS 4 ( Researching the Curriculum )1. Conduct a schoolroom observation. Identify the instruction schemes used by the instructor for effectual execution of the course of study. ( BEC. UBD and K to 12 Curriculum ) 2. Expose them to existent schoolroom scene. Get a transcript of the category agenda and category activities ( academic and extracurricular activities ) . Detect how these activities promote effectual course of study execution. 3. Choice learning methods. larning activities and instructional stuffs or resources appropriate to the scholars and aligned to the aims of the lesson. Furthermore. the pupils are required to make these activities for 17 hours. Attached is the list of the names of pupils enrolled in FS 3 and FS 4 topics. Thank you and more power. Respectfully yours. Ms. Rosette A. JavierFS Teacher Sir Rex Ramos He teaches Mapeh. He follows the activities in the K-12 program being provided. His schemes vary on the subdivision that he will learn. He besides uses wages system. If pupils behave they can pattern outside the room. Whenever the activities required stuffs he advises his pupil to improvize stuffs. For an case in arnis they can utilize tree bole merely be certain that they clean eat so that their manus can be safe from small sprouts. He assesses pupils by degree of appraisals. Knowledge 15 % . procedure skill 25 % . understanding 30 % . Products/ performances 30 % . The taging on their study card is represented by abbreviation. Grade or its numerical value is non shown but they have the computations. K-12 is different by its clip allotment it is twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours activity.The advantage of this course of study is easy to implement and easy for the instructors because it has tonss of activities up-to-date. The Dis an advantage is. the resources is limited and most of the treatments are found online. What if the topographic point doesn’t offer electricity? There will be no resources. Rosemarie Carcole She teaches mathematics. Her schemes are usage of auxiliary stuffs.Group or equals concerted activity. They still don’t have rating system. They are confused on what are they traveling to use in rating the pupils. The classs are on clasp. The difference of k-12 course of study is it is more on student’s activity and still they are utilizing traditional attack. The advantages are easy to do lesson programs. more clip for command ; you can do ocular AIDSs that will gain the pupils. There is learning ushers and it is cheaper for the parents because pupils will non purchase books any longer. The disadvantage is capable affair is really different pupils can’t acquire it. The treatment is complex. Mrs. Juliana Magadya She is learning scientific discipline. She uses find method. Students do all the research. Teachers guide the pupils all the clip. She is motivated with the promise of the authorities that after k-12 pupils are able to work with sheepskin. Good classs for pupils who do excess research. There is no rating system to use yet. The disadvantage is the survey clip is really long.The advantage is there is cadmium as their usher. Maricel Adaya Anaraling panlipunan instructor. She uses recommended activities in their faculties. Activities vary if the lower subdivisions can’t acquire it. Students frequently do group works. drama and vocals. K- 12 are merely like BEC. lesson planning is same in the format but it easier and the executing is the same. In Ubd they can’t accomplish activity on clip. The advantages are the medium of direction is mother lingua. The disadvantage is the learning usher covers merely the 1st and 2nd rating period they have to download it. Levi Perez An English instructor. She uses chant. skit. vocal. group activities and drama.Advantage is they speak with their female parent lingua. They are non obliged to talk in English. If the pupil speaks in Tagalog person in the category will interpret it in English. Disadvantage is if the instructor is non resourceful you have nil to learn. Traditional instruction is non avoided specially in learning grammar. But in less clip. The stuff provide by the authorities is for first one-fourth merely. We have downloaded the following lessons. Realistic Education CurriculumA. Design of the CurriculumThe overall design of 1 to 12 course of study follows the realistic attack in discoursing topics the deeper apprehension on how to use instruction in existent life state of affairs get downing from grade school. Teachers are expected to be realistic in learning. B. Desired Outcome †¢clarity of intent for learning and larning†¢manageability for learning and larning†¢balanceThis papers groups the Content Standards. Benchmarks. and related Performance Standards in the linguistic communication arts into three strands:†¢ Reading and Listening for Comprehension ;†¢ Writing and Speaking for Expression ; and†¢ Literature and Media.The Language Arts Content Standards. Benchmarks. and Performance Standards has been designed:†¢ To depict the disciplinary content and accomplishments pupils should larn at specific class degrees ;†¢ To assist instructors make schoolroom direction and reliable appraisals that address a substantial nucleus course of study that can be applied to pupil successes across all subjects ; and†¢ To function as the footing for a statewide appraisal of pupil acquisition. The Language Arts Content Standards. Benchmarks. and Performance Standards is a gyrating model in the sense that many accomplishments. one time introduced. develop over clip. While the Performance Standards are set Forth at grade-specific degrees. they do non be as stray accomplishments ; each exists in relation to the others. These Language Humanistic disciplines Standards are for all pupils and usage in all content countries. New Mexico Language Arts Content Standards. Benchmarks. and Performance Standards place what pupils should cognize and be able to make across all class degrees. Each Contented Standard is elaborated into three grade-span Benchmarks that are farther defined by specific grade degree Performance Standards. They illustrate how scholars at every degree continue to construct and spread out their cognition by utilizing similar linguistic communication accomplishments with increasing edification. polish. and independency.